Doctoral Dissertation Research in Political Science: Descriptive Representatives and Institutional Context

对传统上代表人数不足的群体进行更好的描述性代表是否有助于在决策中更好地代表其利益？换言之，当选代表以前代表人数不足的群体的个人(例如玻利维亚的土著代表)是否表现出与传统上掌权的代表明显不同的政策观点？描述性代表和实质性代表之间的联系是否取决于为加强描述性代表而设计的体制机制的类型、描述性代表所属的缔约方类型或政党对其行为的控制程度？本项目将试图回答这些问题，因为它们属于实质性代表的一种重要形式：在立法审议中表达描述性代表的政策观点。它考察了描述性代表在政治学文献中通常探索的更传统问题上的审议行为(例如，拉丁美洲土著代表的土地权，或美国黑人代表的社会福利政策)。以及各种政治问题，可以说是公众更加关注的问题(例如，外交政策、税收政策和医疗保健政策)。在这样做的过程中，它开发了一种实质性代表性的原始衡量标准，该衡量标准绘制了委员会辩论期间的发言模式，以揭示来自代表性不足群体的代表是否与历史上有代表性的群体的代表支持显著不同的政策观点。它将解释和展示政治语境如何制约立法者的行为，并决定我们应该在多大程度上看到描述性代表和更传统的代表之间的差异。研究者在前人工作的基础上提出了实质性表征的语境理论，该理论解释了为什么政治语境应该特别影响描述性代表的行为，从而缓解描述性表征和实质性表征之间的联系。研究人员使用拉丁美洲国家(阿根廷、玻利维亚、智利、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、厄瓜多尔、巴拿马和秘鲁)的样本来检验理论论点，在这些国家中，三个不同的政治背景(即政党控制的程度、政党的类型和用于增加描述性代表的制度机制)存在跨国和时态差异，而委员会的审议似乎跨国服务于相同的目的，即1)设定政策辩论的条款，2)向选民发出信号，即立法者代表他们工作。该项目将在每个国家的立法档案中进行实地研究，包括收集和扫描作为机器可读文件的委员会辩论，而实证分析涉及使用自动内容分析将文本转换为数据，以揭示不同代表的发言模式。该项目通过展示立法机构改头换面是否对决策产生重大影响，做出了重大贡献。它将揭示从一个历史上代表性不足的群体中选举成员是否会对该群体的代表方式产生影响，以及这些新当选的描述性代表是否做了与传统代表不同的事情。更重要的是，该项目将探索政治背景如何影响立法者的行为，并缓解描述性代表和实质性代表之间的关系。这对理解政府如何影响日常生活以及它对民主稳定的影响有着深远的影响。

Does better descriptive representation of traditionally underrepresented groups lead to better substantive representation of their interests in policy-making? In other words, do individuals elected to represent a group that has been previously underrepresented (e.g., the indigenous in Bolivia) demonstrate distinctly different policy views than those representatives who have traditionally held power? Does the strength of the link between descriptive and substantive representation depend on the types of institutional mechanisms designed to enhance descriptive representation, the types of parties descriptive representatives belong to, or the strength of party control over their behavior?This project will attempt to provide answers to these questions as they pertain to one important form of substantive representation: the expression of policy views of descriptive representatives in legislative deliberations. It examines the deliberative behavior of descriptive representatives both on more traditional issues commonly explored in political science literature (e.g., land rights for indigenous representatives in Latin America, or social welfare policy for black representatives in the U.S.) and a wide variety of political issues that are arguably more salient to the general public (e.g., foreign policy, tax policy, and healthcare policy). In doing so, it develops an original measure of substantive representation that maps patterns in speeches during committee debates to uncover whether representatives from underrepresented groups espouse significantly different policy views than representatives from historically represented groups. It will explain and show how the political context conditions legislator behavior and determines the extent to which we should see differences between descriptive and more traditional representatives.Building on previous work, the researcher proposes a contextual theory of substantive representation that accounts for why political context should affect the behavior of descriptive representatives in particular, thereby mitigating the link between descriptive and substantive representation. The researcher tests the theoretical argument using a sample of Latin American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, and Peru) where there is cross-national and temporal variation across the three different political contexts (i.e., the extent of party control, the type of party, and the institutional mechanism used for increasing descriptive representation) and where the committee deliberations appear to serve the same purpose cross-nationally, which is 1) to set the terms of the policy debate and 2) to signal to constituents that legislators are working on their behalf. Field research for this project, which will be conducted in the legislative archives of each country, involves collecting and scanning committee debates as machine-readable documents, and the empirical analysis involves converting the text into data using automated content analysis to uncover patterns in speeches across representatives.This project makes a substantial contribution by demonstrating whether or not changing the 'face' of the legislature has a significant impact on policy-making. It will uncover if electing members from a historically underrepresented group has an impact on how that group is represented, and if these newly elected descriptive representatives are doing anything different than traditional representatives. More importantly, the project will explore how the political context affects legislator behavior and mitigates the relationship between descriptive and substantive representation. This has a profound impact on understanding just how government can influence everyday life and the effects it has on democratic stability.