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Doctoral Dissertation Research: War During the Early Agricultural Period in the North American Southwest: Evaluating the Role of Material Need and Status

博士论文研究：北美西南部早期农业时期的战争：评估物质需求和地位的作用

基本信息

批准号：
1025643
负责人：
Bruce Huckell
金额：
$ 1.9万
依托单位：
University of New Mexico
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
Standard Grant
财政年份：
2010
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2010-08-15 至 2012-07-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1025643&HistoricalAwards=false
关键词：
Doctoral Dissertation Research War During

项目摘要

Under Dr. Bruce Huckell's supervision, Phil Geib will examine the causes of war during the interval when farming was first practiced in the North American Southwest (ca. 2000 BC - AD 500). The emphasis is on preceramic materials from the Colorado Plateau designated as Basketmaker II, but the study will also consider how warfare in this area fits into the greater Southwest. The potential to be killed is an obvious high cost of war, but is a need for land or food a sufficient and necessary trade off? Such an explanation seems intuitively satisfying because the means of survival could motivate intergroup conflict. Yet the logic of material gain may not drive band and tribal fights. Even when resources are abundant, within-group competition for status and dominance persists because an individual's relative position within society impacts reproductive success. Whereas resource shortages are episodic, social position requires endless assertion. War may serve as an arena for such striving; perhaps even a requisite for recognition of adulthood and attaining a mate. The proposed research will assemble new and existing data relevant to explaining war in a particular case and by extension to an understanding of war's causes more generally.This research has two main goals: (1) assess a materialistic account for war in the Basketmaker case and (2) evaluate the role of status competition as a motive. This research will establish the temporal relationship between direct evidence for intergroup conflict (massacre assemblages) and three factors relevant to resource stress as a causative role: droughts and arroyo cutting, skeletal indicators of nutritional stress, and relative population levels. Assessing the role of status competition will be an inferential exercise involving rock art, burial associations, and other material remains. Particular emphasis will be placed on specialized wooden artifacts that may have served as defensive tools used to deflect atlatl darts in ritualized battles 'fending sticks.' A significant part of the research will involve the analysis and direct AMS dating of these sticks with the interpretation of function informed through use-wear.Cooperation and conflict are pervasive features of human society at all scales and war is at their intersection: the most extreme form of competition where success requires cooperation in equal measure. The horrors of recent human history amply demonstrate that war deserves serious anthropological analysis. The past holds no simple answers to prevent war in the modern world, but it should allow better appreciation of the precipitating factors. The proposed research promises to contribute in a broad, theoretical sense towards explaining war while simultaneously illuminating how and why war appeared in a specific case. War has not been systematically investigated for the interval considered and seldom has the archaeological record been used to examine war as a dependent variable. Archaeology can make an important contribution toward an anthropological understanding of war because it alone accesses records from long intervals of the distant past prior to the rise of complex social formations. Archaeology also provides a useful counterpoint to the contentious ethnographic record about war in simple societies.

在布鲁斯·哈克尔博士的监督下，菲尔·盖布将研究北美西南部农业首次出现期间战争的原因。公元前2000年-公元500年）。重点是来自科罗拉多高原的陶瓷前材料，被指定为篮子制造者II，但这项研究也将考虑如何在这一地区的战争适合大西南。被杀害的可能性是战争的一个明显的高成本，但对土地或食物的需求是一个充分和必要的交换吗？这样的解释似乎直观地令人满意，因为生存的手段可以激发群体间的冲突。然而，物质利益的逻辑可能不会推动乐队和部落的斗争。即使在资源丰富的情况下，群体内对地位和支配地位的竞争也会持续存在，因为个人在社会中的相对地位会影响生殖成功。资源短缺是偶发性的，而社会地位需要无休止的维护。战争可以成为这种奋斗的竞技场;甚至可能是承认成年和获得配偶的必要条件。这项研究将收集新的和现有的数据，解释战争在一个特定的情况下，并通过扩展到更普遍的理解战争的原因。这项研究有两个主要目标：（1）评估一个唯物主义的帐户在篮子制造商的情况下的战争和（2）评估地位竞争的作用作为一种动机。本研究将建立直接证据之间的时间关系组间冲突（屠杀集会）和三个因素相关的资源压力作为一个因果关系的作用：干旱和arroyo切割，骨骼指标的营养压力，和相对人口水平。评估地位竞争的作用将是一个推理练习，涉及岩石艺术，埋葬协会和其他物质遗迹。特别强调的是专门的木制文物，可能是作为防御工具，用于偏转atlatl飞镖在仪式化的战斗中的防御棒。“这项研究的一个重要部分将涉及分析和直接AMS测年的这些坚持与解释的功能，通过使用磨损通知。合作和冲突是人类社会的普遍特征，在所有规模和战争是在他们的交叉点：最极端的竞争形式，成功需要在平等的措施合作。人类近代史上的恐怖充分表明，战争值得进行严肃的人类学分析。过去并没有简单的答案来防止现代世界的战争，但它应该让我们更好地了解诱发因素。拟议中的研究承诺有助于在广泛的理论意义上解释战争，同时阐明如何以及为什么战争出现在一个特定的情况下。战争还没有被系统地研究的间隔考虑，很少有考古记录被用来检查战争作为一个因变量。考古学可以为人类学对战争的理解做出重要贡献，因为只有它才能访问复杂社会形态兴起之前的遥远过去的记录。考古学也提供了一个有用的对立面，以反驳关于简单社会中战争的有争议的人种志记录。