OCEAN ACIDIFICATION - Category 1: COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: Acclimation and adaptation to ocean acidification of key ecosystem components in the California Current System

智力上的功绩。该项目将调查海洋酸化对两种生态上重要的依赖钙化的海洋无脊椎动物的影响，以及加州洋流大型海洋生态系统(CCLME)中碳酸盐化学(例如，pH和文石饱和度)从局部到海岸的变化。一个由物理和化学海洋学、海洋生态学、生物化学、分子生理学和分子遗传学专业知识组成的跨学科研究团队将对海胆和贻贝对OA时空变化的生态、生理和进化反应进行综合的、实验室和现场的多点调查。这项研究将在可变海洋学的马赛克背景下进行，包括最近记录的上升流主导的美国西海岸碳酸盐化学的纬度变化。从华盛顿到南加州的上升流制度的变化，在上升流事件期间产生了浅滩到地表水的二氧化碳浓度的时空梯度，将海岸延伸到内陆架地区。通过众所周知的化学途径，二氧化碳的流入导致目前沿海生态系统的PH值下降，低于2200年对整个海洋的预测值。低于“正常”的pH可以通过改变细胞内的生物化学来影响生物，特别是对于依赖钙化的海洋生物，当文石饱和状态降至接近或低于1.0时，会干扰坚硬部分的形成。由于上升流主导的CCLME中的钙化物在历史上经历了持续的区域pH变化，种群可能以不同的方式适应和/或适应多变的碳酸盐化学环境。这些生物面临的新挑战是，随着全球变化和由此导致的海水二氧化碳增加，它们可能已经接近适应或适应能力，因此对二氧化碳进一步增加的反应能力可能有限。正是这一挑战，钙化无脊椎动物适应或适应不断增加的二氧化碳和文石饱和状态1.0的机械能力，我们在这里解决。由NSF资助的对海胆和牡蛎幼虫的本地规模研究(由本团队包括的PI)的初步结果已经解决了这个问题，但这些范围广泛的物种在CCLME的所有条件下对海洋酸化的反应仍然不清楚。该项目包括五个综合要素。(1)为了记录研究生物体所生活的海洋环境，PI小组将建立两个由NSF资助的局部规模的传感器网络(在俄勒冈州和加利福尼亚州北部)，以量化CCLME四个区域的碳酸盐化学，这些区域的上升流制度截然不同，因此，碳酸盐化学可能存在广泛的差异。根据NOAA的调查，OA应该在加利福尼亚州北部和俄勒冈州最强烈，在加利福尼亚州中部不那么强烈，在点概念以东的圣巴巴拉海峡最不强烈。(2)为了研究驯化和适应OA条件的生理、基因组和遗传机制，调查人员将对从四个区域的每个两个地点收集的海胆和贻贝的成虫和幼虫进行协调和综合的研究。在UCSB和UCD-BML利用NSF资助的实验室中胚层进行的共同花园实验中，研究人员将在不同的二氧化碳和温度条件下培养海胆和贻贝，并使用基因组学技术

Intellectual Merit. This project will investigate the impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on two ecologically important, calcification-dependent marine invertebrates in relation to local-to-coastal variation in carbonate chemistry (e.g., pH and aragonite saturation) in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem (CCLME). An interdisciplinary team of investigators with expertise in physical and chemical oceanography, marine ecology, biochemistry, molecular physiology, and molecular genetics will carry out an integrated, lab and field, multi-site investigation of the ecological, physiological, and evolutionary responses of sea urchins and mussels to spatial and temporal variation in OA. The research will take place in the context of a mosaic of variable oceanography, including recently documented latitudinal variation in carbonate chemistry along the upwelling-dominated US west coast. Variation in upwelling regimes from Washington to southern California generates spatial and temporal gradients in concentration of CO2 that shoal to surface waters during upwelling events, extending shoreward into the inner shelf region. Through well-known chemical pathways, influxes of CO2 cause present-day declines in pH in coastal ecosystems that are lower than values forecast for the ocean in general in the year 2200. Lower than "normal" pH can influence organisms by altering intracellular biochemistry, and especially, for calcification-dependent marine organisms, interfere with formation of hard parts as the aragonite saturation state falls near or below 1.0. Because calcifiers in the upwelling-dominated CCLME have historically experienced persistent regional variation in pH, populations are likely differentially acclimatized and/or adapted to a variable carbonate chemistry environment. The new challenge to these organisms is that with global change and the resulting increase in seawater CO2, they already may be close to their acclimatization or adaptational capacity, and thus may have limited ability to respond to additional increases in CO2. It is this challenge, the mechanistic ability of calcifying invertebrates to acclimate or adapt to increasing CO2 and aragonite saturation states 1.0 that we address here. Preliminary results from NSF-funded, local-scale studies of sea urchin and oyster larvae (by PIs included in the present team) has made inroads into this question, but the response of these widely-ranging species to ocean acidification across the full range of conditions in the CCLME remains unclear. This project includes five integrated elements. (1) To document the oceanographic context in which the study organisms live, the team of PIs will build upon two local-scale NSF-funded networks of sensors (in Oregon and northern California) to quantify carbonate chemistry in four regions of the CCLME with contrasting upwelling regimes, and thus, likely a wide range of differences in carbonate chemistry. Based on NOAA surveys, OA should be most intense in northern California and Oregon, less intense in central California, and least intense in the Santa Barbara channel, east of Point Conception. (2) To examine physiological, genomic, and genetic mechanisms underlying acclimatization and adaptation to OA conditions, the investigators will carry out coordinated and integrated studies of adults and larvae of sea urchins and mussels collected from each of two sites within each of the four regions. In common-garden experiments using NSF-funded laboratory mesocosms at UCSB and UCD-BML, the researchers will culture sea urchins and mussels under different CO2 and temperature regimes, and use genomics techniques