OCEAN ACIDIFICATION - Category 1: COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: Acclimation and adaptation to ocean acidification of key ecosystem components in the California Current System

智力优势。 本项目将调查海洋酸化（OA）对两种具有重要生态意义的、依赖钙化作用的海洋无脊椎动物的影响，这些影响与碳酸盐化学的地方到沿海变化有关（例如，pH值和文石饱和度）在加州当前大型海洋生态系统（CCLME）。 具有物理和化学海洋学，海洋生态学，生物化学，分子生理学和分子遗传学专业知识的跨学科研究人员团队将对海胆和贻贝的生态，生理和进化反应进行综合，实验室和现场，多地点调查OA的空间和时间变化。这项研究将发生在一个马赛克的变化海洋学的背景下，包括最近记录的纬度变化碳酸盐化学沿着上升为主的美国西海岸。从华盛顿到南加州的上升流制度的变化产生的空间和时间梯度的CO2浓度浅滩的表面沃茨在上升流事件，延伸到内陆架区域。通过众所周知的化学途径，CO2的流入导致沿海生态系统的pH值下降，低于2200年海洋的预测值。低于“正常”的pH值可以通过改变细胞内生物化学来影响生物体，特别是对于依赖钙化的海洋生物，当文石饱和状态福尔斯接近或低于1.0时，会干扰硬部分的形成。由于在上升流为主的CCLME钙化历史上经历了持续的区域pH值的变化，人口可能差异驯化和/或适应一个可变的碳酸盐化学环境。这些生物面临的新挑战是，随着全球变化和由此导致的海水CO2增加，它们可能已经接近其适应或适应能力，因此对CO2额外增加的反应能力可能有限。 我们在这里解决的正是这一挑战，即钙化无脊椎动物适应或适应不断增加的二氧化碳和文石饱和度状态1.0的机械能力。NSF资助的海胆和牡蛎幼虫的局部规模研究（由本团队中的PI）的初步结果已经对这个问题有所进展，但这些广泛的物种对CCLME中所有条件下海洋酸化的反应仍然不清楚。该项目包括五个综合要素。(1)为了记录研究生物生活的海洋学背景，PI团队将建立在两个地方规模的NSF资助的传感器网络（在俄勒冈州和北方加州）上，以量化CCLME四个地区的碳酸盐化学，这些地区具有对比的上升流制度，因此，碳酸盐化学可能存在广泛的差异。根据NOAA的调查，OA在北方加州和俄勒冈州应该是最强烈的，在加州中部不太强烈，在圣巴巴拉海峡，在点概念以东最不强烈。(2)为了研究适应和适应OA条件的生理，基因组和遗传机制，研究人员将对从四个区域中的两个地点收集的海胆和贻贝的成年和幼虫进行协调和综合研究。在UCSB和UCD-BML使用NSF资助的实验室中围生态系统的共同花园实验中，研究人员将在不同的CO2和温度条件下培养海胆和贻贝，并使用基因组学技术

Intellectual Merit. This project will investigate the impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on two ecologically important, calcification-dependent marine invertebrates in relation to local-to-coastal variation in carbonate chemistry (e.g., pH and aragonite saturation) in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem (CCLME). An interdisciplinary team of investigators with expertise in physical and chemical oceanography, marine ecology, biochemistry, molecular physiology, and molecular genetics will carry out an integrated, lab and field, multi-site investigation of the ecological, physiological, and evolutionary responses of sea urchins and mussels to spatial and temporal variation in OA. The research will take place in the context of a mosaic of variable oceanography, including recently documented latitudinal variation in carbonate chemistry along the upwelling-dominated US west coast. Variation in upwelling regimes from Washington to southern California generates spatial and temporal gradients in concentration of CO2 that shoal to surface waters during upwelling events, extending shoreward into the inner shelf region. Through well-known chemical pathways, influxes of CO2 cause present-day declines in pH in coastal ecosystems that are lower than values forecast for the ocean in general in the year 2200. Lower than "normal" pH can influence organisms by altering intracellular biochemistry, and especially, for calcification-dependent marine organisms, interfere with formation of hard parts as the aragonite saturation state falls near or below 1.0. Because calcifiers in the upwelling-dominated CCLME have historically experienced persistent regional variation in pH, populations are likely differentially acclimatized and/or adapted to a variable carbonate chemistry environment. The new challenge to these organisms is that with global change and the resulting increase in seawater CO2, they already may be close to their acclimatization or adaptational capacity, and thus may have limited ability to respond to additional increases in CO2. It is this challenge, the mechanistic ability of calcifying invertebrates to acclimate or adapt to increasing CO2 and aragonite saturation states 1.0 that we address here. Preliminary results from NSF-funded, local-scale studies of sea urchin and oyster larvae (by PIs included in the present team) has made inroads into this question, but the response of these widely-ranging species to ocean acidification across the full range of conditions in the CCLME remains unclear. This project includes five integrated elements. (1) To document the oceanographic context in which the study organisms live, the team of PIs will build upon two local-scale NSF-funded networks of sensors (in Oregon and northern California) to quantify carbonate chemistry in four regions of the CCLME with contrasting upwelling regimes, and thus, likely a wide range of differences in carbonate chemistry. Based on NOAA surveys, OA should be most intense in northern California and Oregon, less intense in central California, and least intense in the Santa Barbara channel, east of Point Conception. (2) To examine physiological, genomic, and genetic mechanisms underlying acclimatization and adaptation to OA conditions, the investigators will carry out coordinated and integrated studies of adults and larvae of sea urchins and mussels collected from each of two sites within each of the four regions. In common-garden experiments using NSF-funded laboratory mesocosms at UCSB and UCD-BML, the researchers will culture sea urchins and mussels under different CO2 and temperature regimes, and use genomics techniques