NSF Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Beyond Acorns and Small Seeds: A Diachronic Functional Analysis of Mortuary Associated Ground Stone from the San Francisco Bay Area

美国国家科学基金会博士论文改进资助：超越橡子和小种子：旧金山湾区太平间相关地面石材的历时功能分析

• 批准号: 1046035
• 负责人: Mary Stiner
• 金额: $ 0.99万
• 依托单位: University of Arizona
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2010-09-15 至 2012-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1046035&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: NSF; Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant

Under the supervision of Dr. Mary C. Stiner, Tammy Buonasera will study changes in the functions of ground stone artifacts from male and female graves from the San Francisco Bay Area of California spanning the mid- to late Holocene (ca. 6000 B.P. to 200 B.P.). Because ground stone milling tools are essential for intensive food processing, they have long played an important role in archaeological interpretations of resource use and the organization of female labor. However, not all ground stone artifacts were used for food processing; some ground stone artifacts had other purposes such as the preparation of ritual or medicinal substances, pigment processing, hide working, the production of beads and ornaments, use as vessels, or as wealth and status markers. This study will employ three different techniques to evaluate the breadth of, and changes in, the functions of ground stone tools during the mid- to late Holocene in central California: Use-wear analysis (both microscopic and macroscopic), absorbed organic residue analysis, and morphological analysis.Some researchers have proposed that an increasingly rigid and pronounced sexual division of labor developed among complex hunter-gatherers in central and southern California. Others have argued that increasing social stratification should lead to a decreased emphasis on a division of labor based on gender. Differential representation of certain forms of ground stone artifacts (some with very high manufacturing costs) and evidence for uses related to food processing, manufacturing, or ritual activities will be the basis for evaluating these hypotheses. Of particular interest is the relation to women's status with decreasing mobility and increasing social complexity. In addition to improving knowledge of long-term social changes among Native California societies, this research may make broader contributions to understanding developmental trajectories of a sexual division of labor. Central California is among the few areas worldwide where a level of political complexity typically associated with horticultural or agricultural societies is known to have developed among hunters and gatherers. As such, it offers a unique economic context in which to study the effects of a developing hierarchy on men's and women's activities and status.This research will provide training opportunities for one or more graduate students and will foster collaboration between several different institutions (the University of Arizona, the Institute for Integrated Research in Materials, Environments, and Society at CSU Long Beach, The San Diego Archaeological Center, and CSU San Jose). Results of ground stone analyses will be shared with the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe, and will be more widely disseminated through publication in appropriate scholarly journals and through presentations at regional and international meetings. Finally, photomicrographs of use-wear will be posted on a free archaeological data sharing website to help improve the transparency and reliability of use-wear interpretations.

在玛丽博士的监督下。Stiner，Tammy Buonasera将研究来自加州州弗朗西斯科湾区的男性和女性坟墓的地面石头文物功能的变化，这些坟墓跨越了全新世中期到晚期（约2000年）。6000 B.P.至200 B.P.）。 由于研磨工具是密集食品加工所必需的，它们长期以来在考古学解释资源使用和女性劳动力组织方面发挥着重要作用。然而，并非所有的研磨石器都用于食品加工;一些研磨石器还有其他用途，如准备仪式或药用物质，颜料加工，皮革加工，珠子和装饰品的生产，用作器皿，或作为财富和地位的标志。本研究将采用三种不同的技术来评估加州中部全新世中晚期研磨石器功能的广度和变化：磨损分析（微观和宏观），吸收有机残留物分析，一些研究人员提出，在复杂的狩猎者中，加州中部和南部的采集者。 其他人则认为，社会分层的增加应该导致对基于性别的劳动分工的重视程度下降。对某些形式的磨石制品（有些制造成本很高）的不同表现，以及与食品加工、制造或仪式活动有关的用途的证据，将是评估这些假设的基础。特别令人感兴趣的是妇女地位与流动性下降和社会复杂性增加的关系。除了提高对加州原住民社会长期社会变化的认识外，这项研究还可能为理解性别分工的发展轨迹做出更广泛的贡献。加州中部是世界上少数几个在狩猎和采集者中发展出一定程度的政治复杂性的地区之一，这种复杂性通常与园艺或农业社会有关。因此，它提供了一个独特的经济背景，研究发展中的等级制度对男女活动和地位的影响，这项研究将为一名或多名研究生提供培训机会，并将促进几个不同机构之间的合作（亚利桑那大学，CSU长滩的材料、环境和社会综合研究所，圣地亚哥考古中心和CSU圣何塞）。磨石分析结果将与Muwekma Ohlone部落分享，并将通过在适当的学术期刊上发表和在区域和国际会议上介绍而更广泛地传播。最后，使用磨损的显微照片将发布在一个免费的考古数据共享网站上，以帮助提高使用磨损解释的透明度和可靠性。