NSF Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Beyond Acorns and Small Seeds: A Diachronic Functional Analysis of Mortuary Associated Ground Stone from the San Francisco Bay Area

在Mary C. Stiner博士的指导下，Tammy Buonasera将研究从加利福尼亚旧金山湾区（San Francisco Bay Area）出土的全新世中晚期（约公元前6000年至公元前200年）的男性和女性坟墓中出土的地面石器的功能变化。因为磨石铣削工具对于食品的精深加工是必不可少的，它们长期以来在资源利用和女性劳动组织的考古解释中发挥着重要作用。然而，并非所有磨碎的石器都用于食品加工；一些地面石制器物还有其他用途，如准备仪式或药用物质、色素加工、制革、制作珠子和装饰品、用作器皿或作为财富和地位的标志。本研究将采用三种不同的技术来评估加利福尼亚中部全新世中晚期磨制石器的功能广度和变化：使用磨损分析（微观和宏观）、吸收有机残留物分析和形态分析。一些研究人员提出，在加利福尼亚中部和南部复杂的狩猎采集者中，一种日益严格和明显的性别分工已经发展起来。另一些人则认为，日益加深的社会分层应该导致对基于性别的劳动分工的强调减少。某些形式的地面石器制品（有些制造成本非常高）的不同表现形式以及与食品加工、制造或仪式活动有关的使用证据将成为评估这些假设的基础。特别令人感兴趣的是妇女地位与流动性下降和社会复杂性增加之间的关系。除了提高对加州土著社会长期社会变化的认识外，这项研究可能对理解性别劳动分工的发展轨迹做出更广泛的贡献。加州中部是世界上为数不多的几个地区之一，在那里，猎人和采集者之间发展出了一定程度的政治复杂性，通常与园艺或农业社会有关。因此，它提供了一个独特的经济背景来研究发展中的等级制度对男女活动和地位的影响。这项研究将为一名或多名研究生提供培训机会，并将促进几个不同机构（亚利桑那大学、科罗拉多州立大学长滩材料、环境和社会综合研究所、圣地亚哥考古中心和科罗拉多州立大学圣何塞）之间的合作。将与Muwekma Ohlone部落分享地面石头分析的结果，并将通过在适当的学术期刊上发表和在区域和国际会议上发表报告的方式更广泛地传播。最后，旧磨损的显微照片将被发布在一个免费的考古数据共享网站上，以帮助提高旧磨损解释的透明度和可靠性。

Under the supervision of Dr. Mary C. Stiner, Tammy Buonasera will study changes in the functions of ground stone artifacts from male and female graves from the San Francisco Bay Area of California spanning the mid- to late Holocene (ca. 6000 B.P. to 200 B.P.). Because ground stone milling tools are essential for intensive food processing, they have long played an important role in archaeological interpretations of resource use and the organization of female labor. However, not all ground stone artifacts were used for food processing; some ground stone artifacts had other purposes such as the preparation of ritual or medicinal substances, pigment processing, hide working, the production of beads and ornaments, use as vessels, or as wealth and status markers. This study will employ three different techniques to evaluate the breadth of, and changes in, the functions of ground stone tools during the mid- to late Holocene in central California: Use-wear analysis (both microscopic and macroscopic), absorbed organic residue analysis, and morphological analysis.Some researchers have proposed that an increasingly rigid and pronounced sexual division of labor developed among complex hunter-gatherers in central and southern California. Others have argued that increasing social stratification should lead to a decreased emphasis on a division of labor based on gender. Differential representation of certain forms of ground stone artifacts (some with very high manufacturing costs) and evidence for uses related to food processing, manufacturing, or ritual activities will be the basis for evaluating these hypotheses. Of particular interest is the relation to women's status with decreasing mobility and increasing social complexity. In addition to improving knowledge of long-term social changes among Native California societies, this research may make broader contributions to understanding developmental trajectories of a sexual division of labor. Central California is among the few areas worldwide where a level of political complexity typically associated with horticultural or agricultural societies is known to have developed among hunters and gatherers. As such, it offers a unique economic context in which to study the effects of a developing hierarchy on men's and women's activities and status.This research will provide training opportunities for one or more graduate students and will foster collaboration between several different institutions (the University of Arizona, the Institute for Integrated Research in Materials, Environments, and Society at CSU Long Beach, The San Diego Archaeological Center, and CSU San Jose). Results of ground stone analyses will be shared with the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe, and will be more widely disseminated through publication in appropriate scholarly journals and through presentations at regional and international meetings. Finally, photomicrographs of use-wear will be posted on a free archaeological data sharing website to help improve the transparency and reliability of use-wear interpretations.