RUI: Colonization genetics of globally invasive marine bryozoa: Does adaptation prior or post-introduction determine spread?

RUI：全球入侵海洋苔藓虫的定植遗传学：引入前或引入后的适应是否决定了传播？

• 批准号: 1061695
• 负责人: Sean Craig
• 金额: $ 35.56万
• 依托单位: Humboldt State University Foundation
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2011-03-15 至 2015-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1061695&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: RUI; Colonization; genetics; globally; invasive

Invasion of encrusting bryozoans of the genus Watersipora during the past ~50 years has created a significant ecological disturbance to many coastal areas. The occurrence of separate-source introductions and latitudinal clines (observed from mtDNA patterns) suggests that genetic variance and adaptation may be important factors in controlling introductions. Previous studies indicate a rapidly re-arranging complex of cryptic species in harbors. The unique success of Watersipora in this 'fouling' niche on ship hulls evokes a mechanism for invasion, and adaptations (e.g., to temperature or copper anti-fouling paints) that would facilitate transport. Knowing the degree to which invasions are facilitated by genetic adaptation versus propagule pressure alone is critical for understanding, and predicting, the success of exotic species in shallow marine ecosystems.In this study, genetic variation in the Watersipora complex will be quantified using microsatellite markers, as well as COI gene sequences. In addition, "common-garden" experiments will be conducted to examine the role of past selection events involving two selective agents (temperature and copper anti-fouling paint) in influencing the success of various genotypes in different metapopulations. Focusing on populations in California, a coastline recently experiencing multiple Watersipora invasions, there are three major goals of this research.(i) To use 12 microsatellite loci to identify past or present reproductive barriers in the complex of Watersipora species, both to better define the relevant units of selection, and to reconstruct the dynamics of introductions and spread of these species.(ii) To examine the relationship between colony growth rate, genotype and temperature to determine whether growth rate correlates with genetic lineage or the environment (temperature) of the source population.(iii) To examine larval-stage tolerance to dissolved copper, assessing whether variation in this trait correlates with genetic background; if so, spread of Watersipora into new harbors may depend on antifouling paints (on hulls), as well as on vessel traffic.Intellectual Merit: These experiments will reconstruct the dynamic sequence of introductions in one of the most remarkably successful groups of invasive species (Watersipora spp.) in marine coastal habitats (harbors and bays) world-wide. The research will shed light on the phylogeny of this genus. A combination of gene-based studies and lab-based experiments will test the influences of propagule pressure, existing phenotypic variation, and evolutionary adaptation (temperature, copper paints) toward understanding the successful traits of this highly invasive species complex.Broader Impacts: A major goal of this "primarily undergraduate institution" (Evolutionary Processes) proposal is to provide hands-on research experience in ecological genetics for undergraduates from two different institutions within the California State University (CSU) system. The approach and findings from this research also will be integrated into 6 classes (Evolution, Ecological Genetics, Invertebrate Zoology, etc) at both campuses, impacting 150 undergraduate students each year, including those under-represented in science at the Universities. Results of this mechanistic study will have important implications for managing the spread of invasive species in harbors and bays around the world.

近50年来，水孔虫属的结壳苔藓虫入侵对我国沿海地区造成了严重的生态破坏。 分离源介绍和纬度倾斜（观察到的mtDNA模式）的发生表明，遗传变异和适应可能是重要的因素，在控制引进。 以往的研究表明，一个快速重新安排复杂的港口的神秘物种。 Watersipora在船体上的这种“污垢”生态位中的独特成功唤起了入侵和适应的机制（例如，温度或铜防污漆），这将有助于运输。 了解遗传适应与繁殖压力单独促进入侵的程度是理解和预测外来物种在浅海Ecosystem.In这项研究中的成功的关键，将使用微卫星标记，以及COI基因序列量化的Watersipora复杂的遗传变异。 此外，“共同花园”的实验将进行研究的作用，过去的选择事件涉及两个选择剂（温度和铜防污漆）在影响不同的集合种群中的各种基因型的成功。 关注加州的人口，海岸线最近经历了多次水孢子虫入侵，本研究有三个主要目标。(i)使用12个微卫星位点，以确定过去或现在的生殖障碍的复杂的Watersipora物种，既要更好地定义相关的选择单位，并重建动态的引进和传播这些物种。(ii)研究菌落生长速率、基因型和温度之间的关系，以确定生长速率是否与遗传谱系或源种群的环境（温度）相关。(iii)研究幼虫阶段对溶解铜的耐受性，评估这种特性的变化是否与遗传背景相关;如果是这样，Watersipora向新港口的传播可能取决于油漆（船体上）以及船只交通。智力优点：这些实验将重建最成功的入侵物种（Watersipora spp.）在世界各地的海洋沿海栖息地（港口和海湾）。 该研究将为该属植物的生殖发育提供理论依据。 基于基因的研究和基于实验室的实验相结合，将测试繁殖体压力，现有的表型变异和进化适应的影响（温度，铜漆），以了解这种高度入侵物种复合体的成功特征。更广泛的影响：这所“以本科为主的院校”的一个主要目标是（进化过程）的建议是提供生态遗传学的实践研究经验的本科生从两个不同的机构内的加州州立大学（CSU）系统。 这项研究的方法和结果也将被整合到两个校区的6门课程（进化，生态遗传学，无脊椎动物学等）中，每年影响150名本科生，包括那些在大学科学中代表性不足的学生。 这一机制研究的结果将对管理世界各地港口和海湾中入侵物种的传播具有重要意义。