Doctoral Dissertation Research: Directive-Response Sequences and Statistical Experimentalism

博士论文研究：指令-反应序列和统计实验SES-1103195道格拉斯·W·梅纳德马修·霍兰德威斯康星大学麦迪逊摘要米尔格拉姆实验在社会科学中具有标志性地位。这项实验是在第二次世界大战和与之相关的暴行之后进行的，它考察了为什么以及在什么情况下，即使权威会伤害他人，人们也会表现出服从权威的态度。这项研究在不同的环境中多次重复，为公共和科学政策提供了信息，并为几代学者形成了职业道德培训。然而，我们实际上对最初的实验期间发生的事情知之甚少，特别是因为它涉及人们选择抵制命令的事件，包括那些可能会对他人造成伤害的事件。本论文探讨了以下问题：不服从的受试者到底说了什么，做了什么，使他们能够坚持抵抗？为什么顺从的受试者尽管零星地表现出强烈的抵抗，却失败了？从参与者的具体行动到试图在其他环境中抵制权力，可以做出什么概括？米尔格拉姆对20世纪50年代实验社会心理学中流行的“混合统计学”的使用如何影响了他对受试者所做的解释？为了回答这些问题，该项目使用了一种名为对话分析的分析策略，研究了米尔格拉姆在1961年至1962年期间在900多个实验会议期间制作的大量原始音频和视频记录(存档于耶鲁大学)。初步研究结果表明，许多对实验者的指令表示口头抵制的研究参与者仍然表现出愿意接受进一步指令的指导，例如通过要求澄清指令。相比之下，最终不服从的受试者似乎通过参考受害者的愿望来更有效地抵制命令，这种做法包括明确和持续地拒绝继续实验。更广泛的影响Thus研究试图对一个标志性的实验产生新的见解，这个实验的遗产已经影响了我们做科学的方式。米尔格拉姆实验和从数据中得出的解释对有关人们服从权威的主要社会学和心理学范式产生了强烈的影响。它还通过人类受试者法规和机构审查委员会，以及方法课上教授的实验规范，影响了广泛学科的基础科学程序。因此，这项研究的发现可能会引起社会科学和生命科学领域的广泛研究人员以及科学政策制定者的兴趣。此外，该项目还为本科生提供了培训机会。

Doctoral Dissertation Research: Directive-Response Sequences and Statistical ExperimentalismSES - 1103195Douglas W. MaynardMatthew HollanderUniversity of Wisconsin, MadisonAbstractThe Milgram experiment has iconic status in the social sciences. Conducted in the wake of World War 2 and the atrocities associated with that period, the experiment examined Why and under what conditions people show obedience to authority even if it results in harm to others? The study, which has been replicated many times and in different settings, has informed public and science policy, and it has shaped professional ethics training for generations of scholars. However, we actually know very little about what happened during the original experiment, especially as it concerns incidents where people chose to resist orders, including those that might cause harm to others. This dissertation addresses the following question: What exactly did disobedient subjects say and do that enabled them to sustain resistance? Why did obedient subjects fail despite sporadic displays of seemingly strong resistance? What generalizations can be made from participants' concrete actions to attempts to resist power in other settings? How did Milgram's use of the "hybrid statistics" endemic to 1950s experimental social psychology influence his interpretation of what subjects did? To answer these questions, the project uses an analytical strategy known as conversation analysis to examine a large collection of Milgram's original audio and video recordings made in 1961-62 during more than 900 experimental sessions (archived at Yale University). Preliminary findings suggest that many study participants who expressed verbal resistance to the experimenter's directives nevertheless displayed willingness to be guided by further commands, for instance by requesting clarification about directives. In contrast, ultimately disobedient subjects seem to have resisted orders more effectively by making reference to the desires of the victim, a practice that involved explicit and sustained refusals to continue the experiment. Broader ImpactsThus study seeks to generate new insight into an iconic experiment whose legacy has affected the way we "do science." The Milgram experiment, and interpretations derived from the data have had a strong influence on leading sociological and psychological paradigms about people's obedience to authority. It has also affected basic science procedures in a broad set of disciplines via human subjects regulations and institutional review boards, as well as experimental norms taught in methods classes. Thus, findings from this research may be of interest to a broad set of researchers in the social and life sciences, as well as science policy makers. In addition, the project provides a training opportunity for undergraduates.