DISSERTATION RESEARCH: How life history influences host manipulation by parasites in the California fiddler crab, Uca crenulata

论文研究：加州招潮蟹 Uca crenulata 的生活史如何影响寄生虫对宿主的操纵

• 批准号: 1110633
• 负责人: Marlene Zuk
• 金额: $ 1.48万
• 依托单位: University of California-Riverside
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2011-06-01 至 2014-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1110633&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: DISSERTATION; RESEARCH; How; life; history

Many parasites manipulate host behavior to enhance parasite transmission and reproductive success. Often ?risky? behaviors become intensified and make intermediate hosts more susceptible to predation by final hosts; this step is crucial for life cycle completion. While parasitism is the most common lifestyle on Earth, many aspects of host-parasite relationships remain poorly understood. First, parasites exhibit considerable variation in their manipulative effort. Recent theoretical models suggest that this variation arises from differences in parasite lifespan. Shorter-lived parasites should exhibit more manipulative effort than longer-lived species to achieve transmission before death. Manipulative strategies may also vary across parasite development to minimize mortality. Specifically, parasites should suppress risky host behaviors when immature, and enhance them once infective to final hosts. In addition, little is known about the relationship between manipulative parasites and host sexual signals. While parasites generally decrease a host?s ability to attract mates and reproduce, manipulative species could increase sexual signals to make hosts more attractive to predators, but also to potential mates. Paradoxically, infected individuals would experience higher short-term mating success, as well as increased mortality via predation. This view runs counter to conventional models, and would reveal a new role for parasites in sexual signal evolution. These hypotheses will be tested in the lab and field using naturally and experimentally infected fiddler crab populations from Southern California. Courtship and anti-predator behaviors will be quantified across parasite development to determine how parasitic effects change through time. Predation trials will reveal how parasites influence host predation and mortality. This research will contribute to our understanding of host-parasite evolutionary dynamics and how manipulative parasites influence host sexual signal evolution. Zuk and Mora will disseminate their results to outreach organizations and to the general public during citizen science events organized by Mora and nature reserve managers.

许多寄生虫操纵宿主的行为，以提高寄生虫的传播和繁殖成功。经常吗冒险吗行为变得更强烈，使中间宿主更容易被最终宿主捕食;这一步对生命周期的完成至关重要。虽然寄生是地球上最常见的生活方式，但宿主-寄生虫关系的许多方面仍然知之甚少。首先，寄生虫在操纵行为上表现出相当大的差异。最近的理论模型表明，这种变化是由于寄生虫寿命的差异。寿命较短的寄生虫应该比寿命较长的物种表现出更多的操纵努力，以实现死亡前的传播。操纵策略也可能因寄生虫发育而异，以尽量减少死亡率。具体来说，寄生虫应该在不成熟时抑制危险的宿主行为，并在感染最终宿主后增强它们。此外，对操纵性寄生虫和宿主性信号之间的关系知之甚少。而寄生虫通常会减少宿主的数量？由于具有吸引配偶和繁殖的能力，操纵性物种可以增加性信号，使宿主对捕食者更具吸引力，但也对潜在的配偶更具吸引力。奇怪的是，受感染的个体会经历更高的短期交配成功率，以及通过捕食增加死亡率。 这一观点与传统模型背道而驰，并将揭示寄生虫在性信号进化中的新作用。这些假设将在实验室和现场使用自然和实验感染的招潮蟹种群从南加州进行测试。求爱和反捕食行为将在整个寄生虫的发展量化，以确定寄生效应如何随着时间的推移而变化。捕食试验将揭示寄生虫如何影响宿主捕食和死亡率。这项研究将有助于我们理解宿主-寄生虫进化动力学以及操纵性寄生虫如何影响宿主性信号进化。祖克和莫拉将在莫拉和自然保护区管理人员组织的公民科学活动期间向外展组织和公众传播他们的研究结果。