Collection of a High-Resolution Spatial and Ground-Based Dataset From the 2010 Explosive Events at Merapi Volcano, Java, Indonesia

收集 2010 年印度尼西亚爪哇默拉皮火山爆发事件的高分辨率空间和地面数据集

• 批准号: 1114852
• 负责人: Charles Connor
• 金额: $ 3.28万
• 依托单位: University of South Florida
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2011-03-01 至 2012-02-29
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1114852&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collection; Resolution; Spatial; Ground; Based

This project is supported by the Petrology and Geochemistry program (Division of Earth Sciences, Directorate of Geosciences) in cooperation with the Office of International Science and Engineering. Merapi Volcano, located in heavily populated Central Java, is one of Indonesia's most active and dangerous volcanoes. After four years of quiescence, an eruption began on 26 October 2010 that was characterized by explosions along with pyroclastic density current (PDCs) that traveled to the western and southern sectors of the volcano. Reports on 27 October noted that about 35 people died and several were injured. Explosive activity increased during the following days until 4 and 5 November 2010, when a series of large explosions sent various PDCs ~15 km away from the summit, killing more than 300 people. According to the Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation at the Merapi Volcano Observatory, this constitutes the largest eruption at this volcano since 1872, with a current Volcanic Explosivity Index estimated between 3 and 4. These hazardous explosive events present a rare opportunity to collect a uniquely detailed dataset of the source, extent, lateral variations and impact of PDC deposits on a densely populated area. The urgency of the application derives from the ephemeral nature of the pristine deposits associated with these events: these will soon be washed away by the current rainy season in Indonesia and it is rare to have the opportunity to collect key data from such hazardous volcanic flows. The main goals of this RAPID are to collect sufficient data, together with an international team, to: 1) document the sources, duration and runout distances of the different PDCs generated during the 2010 eruptive crisis of Merapi; 2) measure the variations in extent, distribution, morphology, lithology and thickness of the different 2010 PDC deposits using different ground-base techniques; 3) obtain and compute a compilation of spatial images taken prior, during and after the eruption. The effects of topography on flow dynamics will be examined in the field through a Real-Time GPS / Laser Rangefinder survey of the surface of the associated deposits immediately after flow emplacement (once these areas are deemed safe).Collection of such a dataset will be used to generate the pre- and post-eruption numerical topographies for testing the sensitivity to geophysical mass flow model (GMFM) outputs for various qualities of digital representations of natural terrain. A high-resolution benchmark DEM dataset will be computed based on the TanDEM misson-X (roughly 3 m spatial resolution, 1-2 m vertical accuracy). Application of TerraSAR data to generate accurate numerical topographies and/or capturing rapid topographic changes associated with the emplacement of PDC deposits over a short period has tremendous potential benefits to better understand the dynamics of such hazardous volcanic flows. Previous authors have shown the importance of the choice of the DEM on computational routines for reconstructing the different paths, velocities and extents of various flows, and for correctly estimating the areas and levels of hazards associated with future volcanic activity. Data obtained during this project will also be integrated into numerical simulations using freely available GMFMs and allow the validity of these models to be tested, with better quantification of best-fit input parameters. This approach will provide one basis for defining hazard zonations of key areas at risk from PDCs at Merapi, which can be directly integrated into the current hazard mitigation plans at this high-risk volcano. Consequently, the work proposed here will be of immediate benefit to all groups involved in assessing volcano hazards either directly (at observatories on some of the most active volcanoes around the world) or through remote sensing techniques. This project will provide direct support to Sylvain Carbonnier (a post-doctoral Fellow at USF through August 2012) and an exceptional research experience for Jose Armando Saballos (PhD student at USF working on debris flow hazards at Concepcion volcano, Nicaragua).

该项目由岩石学和地球化学计划（地球科学司，地球科学理事会）与国际科学和工程办公室合作支持。默拉皮火山位于人口稠密的中爪哇，是印尼最活跃和最危险的火山之一。经过四年的平静，2010年10月26日开始爆发，其特点是爆炸沿着火山碎屑密度流（PDC），流向火山的西部和南部。10月27日的报告指出，约有35人死亡，数人受伤。爆炸活动在接下来的几天里有所增加，直到2010年11月4日和5日，一系列大爆炸将各种PDCs送到离山顶约15公里的地方，造成300多人死亡。根据默拉皮火山观测站火山学和地质灾害减灾中心的数据，这是该火山自1872年以来最大的一次喷发，目前的火山爆炸指数估计在3到4之间。这些危险的爆炸事件提供了一个难得的机会，收集一个独特的详细数据集的来源，范围，横向变化和PDC存款的影响，人口稠密的地区。申请的紧迫性源于与这些事件有关的原始沉积物的短暂性：这些沉积物很快就会被印度尼西亚目前的雨季冲走，很少有机会从这种危险的火山流中收集关键数据。该快速数据集的主要目标是与一个国际小组一起收集足够的数据，以：1）记录2010年默拉皮火山爆发危机期间产生的不同PDC的来源、持续时间和流出距离; 2）使用不同的地基技术测量2010年不同PDC矿床的范围、分布、形态、岩性和厚度的变化; 3）获得并计算在喷发之前、期间和之后拍摄的空间图像的汇编。将在流动就位后立即通过对相关沉积物表面的实时GPS /激光测距仪测量，在现场检查地形对流动动力学的影响（一旦这些地区被认为是安全的）。收集这些数据集将用于生成喷发前和喷发后的数字地形图，以测试对地球物理质量流模型的敏感性。输出各种质量的自然地形数字表示。将根据TanDEM misson-X（大约3米的空间分辨率，1-2米的垂直精度）计算高分辨率基准DEM数据集。应用TerraSAR数据生成精确的数字地形图和/或捕捉与PDC矿床在短时间内就位相关的快速地形变化，对于更好地了解这种危险火山流的动态具有巨大的潜在好处。以前的作者已经表明，选择的DEM的计算程序，重建不同的路径，速度和各种流量的范围，并正确估计与未来火山活动的危害程度的重要性。在该项目期间获得的数据也将被整合到使用免费提供的GMFMs的数值模拟中，并允许测试这些模型的有效性，更好地量化最适合的输入参数。这一方法将为确定默拉皮火山区主要危险区的危险地带提供一个基础，可以直接纳入这一高风险火山的现有减灾计划。因此，这里提议的工作将直接（在世界各地一些最活跃的火山的观测站）或通过遥感技术对火山危险进行评估的所有团体立即受益。该项目将为Sylvain Carbonnier（2012年8月在USF担任博士后研究员）提供直接支持，并为Jose Armando Saballos（在USF从事尼加拉瓜孔塞普西翁火山泥石流灾害研究的博士生）提供特殊的研究经验。