CSR: Small: Accelerated ParalleX (APX) for Enhanced Scaling AMR based Science

智力优势：该项目解决了在Exascale并行计算机架构上应用程序的可伸缩性。可伸缩性面临的战略挑战之一是识别和利用新的并行形式，以及为有效的细粒度并行执行减少开销。这个名为“Accelerated ParalleX (APX) for Enhanced Scaling”的项目研究了在传统的多核平台上，将一种新的计算模型与FPGA硬件支持相结合，以实现可扩展性的显著提升。这种方法特别适用于基于碰撞中子星和伽马射线暴的自适应网格细化的重要类应用。先前的NSF资金支持了实验性ParalleX原型的开发。这个新研究项目采用了那个模型。该框架提取了结构元数据隐含的内在并行性，消除了大多数全局障碍，并释放自适应控制来重叠多个计算阶段和中间通信，以实现延迟隐藏和规避争用热点。该研究探讨了使用基于FPGA的硬件技术来加速系统软件，以显着降低执行中的关键时间路径开销并直接增强可扩展性。实验设计包括同步原子、线程调度和队列以及活动消息驱动操作。此外，对于这类科学问题，更高精度的浮点运算对于解决尽可能小的黑洞这样的科学问题变得越来越重要。因此，FPGA技术将加速多精度浮点运算。这项研究，如果成功，将推进数值相对论的特定科学领域，更广泛地说，那些依赖于AMR和强标度的科学和工程学科。它将通过现有的FPGA技术在通用计算科学和长期未来可扩展系统设计中的创新应用，推动近期计算机系统科学的发展。为此目的导出的性能模型可能对扩展的初步探索性调查有价值，可以在复杂的多方面权衡空间中建立界限和灵敏度。更广泛的影响：APX的研究成果和资源将应用于远程学习课程，并在短期内分发给其他国内和国际校园，以扩展其内容和扩展其高级主题部分，同时推动明年围绕其主题领域开设新的研究生水平研讨会课程。路易斯安那州立大学将为代表性不足的本科生和高中生创造暑期实习机会，贝奥武夫训练营将扩大到更多的高中生。

Intellectual Merit:This project addresses scalability of applications on Exascale parallel computer architectures. Among the strategic challenges to scalability is identifying and exploiting new forms of parallelism as well as reducing overhead for effective fine grained parallelism execution. The project, "Accelerated ParalleX (APX) for Enhanced Scaling" project investigates combining a new model of computation with FPGA hardware support, in otherwise conventional multicore platforms, to realize significant gains in scalability. This approach is particularly applicable to the important class of adaptive mesh refinement based applications for colliding neutron stars and gamma ray bursts. Prior NSF funding supported the development of an experimental ParalleX prototype. That model is employed in this new research project. This framework extracts inherent parallelism implicit in structure meta-data, eliminates most global barriers, and releases adaptive control to overlap multiple phases of computation and intermediate communication for latency hiding and circumvention of contention hot spots. The research investigates the use of FPGA based hardware technology for accelerating system software to significantly reduce critical time path overhead in execution and directly enhance scalability. The experimental designs include synchronization atomics, thread scheduling and queues, and active message driven operations. In addition, for this class of science problems, higher precision floating-point arithmetic is becoming more important for such science questions as resolving the smallest possible black holes. FPGA technology will therefore accelerate multi-precision floating point arithmetic. This research, if successful, will advance the specific science domain of numerical relativity and, more broadly, those science and engineering disciplines relying on both AMR and strong scaling. It will advance near-term computer system science through an innovative application of available FPGA technology to general computational science and long-term future scalable system design. The performance model derived for this purpose may prove valuable for extended preliminary exploratory investigation for establishing bounds and sensitivities in a complex multi-faceted trade-off space. Broader Impact: The APX research results and resources will be applied to the distance-learning course distributed live to other national and international campuses to expand its content and extend its advanced topics section, in the short term, while motivating a new graduate level seminar course next year around its topic areas. Summer internships for under-represented undergraduate and high school students will be created at LSU and the Beowulf Bootcamp will be expanded for more high school students.