Collaborative Research: Linking the chemical structure of black carbon to its biological degradation and transport dynamics in a northern temperate forest soil

合作研究：将黑碳的化学结构与其在北温带森林土壤中的生物降解和运输动态联系起来

基本信息

批准号：
1127253
负责人：
Jeffrey Bird
金额：
$ 52.36万
依托单位：
CUNY Queens College
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
Continuing Grant
财政年份：
2011
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2011-10-01 至 2017-09-30
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1127253&HistoricalAwards=false
关键词：
Collaborative Research Linking chemical structure

项目摘要

Fire is a major controller of carbon (C) cycling in terrestrial ecosystems, by converting plant biomass to atmospheric CO2 and by contributing incompletely combusted biomass or "black carbon" (BC) to soils. The scientific understanding of the short- and long-term fates of BC in terrestrial ecosystems is incomplete, and a critical knowledge gap exists in our understanding of the fate of BC in the environment. BC, may significantly affect soil C stocks and rates of CO2 exchange of forests with the atmosphere. Through integrated field and laboratory studies, this research will improve understanding of fundamental biological, chemical and physical controls on BC degradation and transport processes in a northern forest soil. This research will link the charring temperature of BC materials to their chemical and physical structures and their resulting decay rates, activity of the main decomposers, enzyme activities, transport dynamics, and stabilization mechanisms in soil. The proposed experimental approach will use stable isotope-enriched (13C and 15N) BC materials produced over a range of temperatures (200 to 600ºC) and its precursor wood of jack pine, a fire-prone and abundant tree species in eastern North America, to elucidate the structures of BC materials and track the multiple fates of these materials when added to soil. This approach will permit a direct assessment of the biological turnover in soil using advanced molecular and spectroscopic techniques. This work will provide the first look at the roles of specific groups of microorganisms and soil fauna involved in the decomposition and movement of BC and wood in soils. To test the effects of plant species on BC chemical and physical structures, highly 13C- and 15N-enriched BC from red maple will be compared with the jack pine. Resulting data and knowledge will contribute to ongoing efforts to predict terrestrial C cycling, and will inform ecosystem and climate modelers and also land use managers.Most existing climate models predict that temperate and boreal forests will experience greater fire frequency under a warmer future climate, thereby increasing BC (black carbon) contributions to soils. In addition, substantial BC (or "biochar") production is expected from the energy industry. This research will characterize the key biological, chemical and physical controls on BC and wood degradation processes in soils, thereby substantially increasing our understanding of the mechanisms involved in C stabilization and sequestration in fire-prone forests. This will provide information needed to improve ecosystem and global C cycling models and their uses in characterizing forest soil C sinks in present and future climates. This research will inform a broad scientific, educational, land manager and agency community interested in ecosystem function, productivity and sustainability. In addition, the project will include involvement of a science teacher from a New York City minority-serving high school and the NY GLOBE Metro program to integrate applied environmental ecosystem science and geosciences into the high school biology and earth science curricula. Purdue University, in collaboration with Leech Lake Tribal College (LLTC), will integrate this research into an ethnobiology curriculum focusing on both modern principles of chemistry and Native American utilization of BC. The University of Michigan Biological Station and City University of New York will each train a postdoctoral researcher within the scope of this project and will use the field study as a resource for on-site university courses, its site-based undergraduate and graduate student research programs, and its science outreach.

火是陆地生态系统中碳（C）循环的主要控制器，通过将植物生物量转化为大气二氧化碳，并通过将不完全燃烧的生物质或“黑碳（BC）贡献为土壤）。对陆地生态系统中BC的短期和长期命运的科学理解是不完整的，并且在我们对环境中卑诗省命运的理解中存在批判性的知识差距。卑诗省，可能会显着影响土壤C种群和二氧化碳与大气的二氧化碳交换速率。通过综合现场和实验室研究，这项研究将提高对北森林土壤中BC降解和运输过程的基本生物学，化学和物理控制的理解。这项研究将将BC材料的炭化温度与其化学和物理结构及其所致的衰减率，主要分解剂的活性，酶活性，运输动力学以及土壤中的稳定机制联系起来。所提出的实验方法将使用稳定的同位素增强（13C和15N）BC材料在温度范围内生产的材料（200至600ºC）及其在北美东部的杰克·派恩（Jack Pine）的前体木材，一种容易发生的和丰富的树种，以阐明BC材料的结构并在加入土壤时跟踪这些材料的多种材料。这种方法将允许使用高级分子和光谱技术直接评估土壤中的生物周转。这项工作将首先探讨特定的微生物和土壤动物群在土壤中涉及卑诗省和木材的分解和运动的作用。为了测试植物物种对卑诗省化学和物理结构的影响，将将来自红枫树的富含13c和15n富集的BC与千斤顶松树进行比较。最终的数据和知识将有助于预测地面C循环的持续努力，并将为生态系统和气候模型以及土地使用经理提供信息。大多数现有的气候模型预测，温度和北方森林将在未来的越来越温暖的未来气候下经历更大的火灾频率，从而增加BC（黑碳）对土壤的贡献。此外，能源行业预计将大量的BC（或“ Biochar”）生产。这项研究将表征土壤中卑诗省和木材降解过程的关键生物学，化学和物理控制，从而大大提高了我们对易发森林中C稳定和会议所涉及的机制的理解。这将提供改善生态系统和全球C骑自行车模型所需的信息，及其在当前和将来攀登的森林土壤c汇中的用途。这项研究将为对生态系统功能，生产力和可持续性感兴趣的广泛科学，教育，土地经理和代理社区提供信息。此外，该项目将包括来自纽约市少数民族服务高中和纽约地铁计划的科学老师，以将应用环境生态系统科学与地球科学集成到高中生物学和地球科学课程中。普渡大学与Leech Lake Tribal College（LLTC）合作，将将这项研究纳入民族生物学课程，重点是现代化学原理和美国原住民利用卑诗省。密歇根大学生物站和纽约市大学将在该项目范围内培训一名博士后研究员，并将使用现场研究作为现场大学课程的资源，其基于现场的本科生和研究生研究计划及其科学外展活动。