Will rising pCO2 levels in the ocean affect growth and survival of marine fish early life stages?

海洋中二氧化碳浓度的上升是否会影响海洋鱼类生命早期阶段的生长和生存？

• 批准号: 1129622
• 负责人: Hannes Baumann
• 金额: $ 64.99万
• 依托单位: SUNY at Stony Brook
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2011-09-01 至 2015-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1129622&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Will; rising; pCO2; levels; ocean

Intellectual merit: Ocean acidification has the potential to affect a broad spectrum of marine organisms and thereby transform the composition and function of our oceans. In contrast to calcifying marine invertebrates, marine fish are widely believed to be unaffected by the CO2 concentrations projected for the future. While this may be so for juvenile and adult fish stages, the fate of fish embryos and larvae in high CO2 oceans is less certain as CO2-sensitivity data for these stages are largely unavailable. Recognizing this knowledge gap and inspired by the findings of two recent studies on clownfish and sea bass larvae (Munday et al. PNAS 107 (2010); Checkley et al. Science 324 (2009)), the investigators performed a series of experiments exposing eggs and early larvae of inland silversides (Menidia beryllina) to elevated CO2 levels while strictly adhering to current "best practice" guidelines for ocean acidification research. At 1,000 ppm CO2, average M. beryllina survival ~1wk post-hatch significantly and consistently (five experiments) declined by ~75% compared to current day CO2 levels (390 ppm), while average length of newly hatched larvae decreased by 22%. Together with prior studies, these results suggest a surprisingly high susceptibility of fish early life stages to the CO2 increases that are projected to occur this century. Given that the abundance of many fish stocks, including most commercial species, is often regulated by processes affecting early life history growth and survival, ocean acidification may impact the dynamics of future fish populations and become yet another challenge to sustainable fisheries. The investigators believe that there is now a pressing need to better understand how CO2 affects the viability of fish embryos and larvae in the ocean. This requires novel approaches involving longer-term, larger-scale experiments across multiple species. The investigators will comprehensively examine the impacts of current and future CO2 levels (400 - 1,000 ppm) during the egg and larval stages of three model fish species: Atlantic silversides (M. menidia), inland silversides (M. beryllina) and sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus). They will also investigate populations of the same species (M. menidia) from differing latitudes. These species/populations are ecologically important due to their intermediate trophic position, have comparable life histories to commercial marine fish, offer differences in genetic growth capacity and presumed sensitivity, and are highly amenable to laboratory experimentation. Survival and growth (weight- and length-based) will be measured in experiments performed at different CO2, temperature (21, 27°C) and feeding conditions (low, ad libitum), thus permitting the affects of CO2 to be considered in parallel with thermal stress and food limitation. Quantification of feeding rates, gross growth efficiency, and oxygen consumption will characterize the physiological costs of high CO2 environments. Changes in calcification of larval fish otoliths and skeletal elements will be determined from weights and a Ca45 radiotracer approach. Finally, surviving M. menidia (or M. beryllina) will be reared to maturity and their offspring will be challenged with differing levels of CO2. Repeating this approach over several generations will demonstrate the extent to which CO2 resistance may evolve through natural selection. Collectively, this study will make significant advances toward understanding how ocean acidification may challenge the world's most valuable marine resource, fish.Broader Impacts: This investigation will serve as the dissertation topic for a doctoral student at Stony Brook University and will support a female post-doctoral researcher. The PIs have a strong record of supporting diversity in education and in enriching undergraduate and secondary school education and research and will continue these practices for this project. A novel outreach program has the potential to reach one million aquarium patrons during the project.

智力优点：海洋酸化有可能影响广泛的海洋生物，从而改变我们海洋的组成和功能。与钙化海洋无脊椎动物相反，人们普遍认为，海洋鱼类不受未来预测的二氧化碳浓度的影响。尽管对于少年和成年鱼阶段来说，这可能是如此，但由于这些阶段的二氧化碳敏感性数据在很大程度上不可用，因此鱼类胚胎和幼虫的命运尚不确定。认识到这一知识差距，并受到两项关于小丑和海低音幼虫的最新研究的启发（Munday等人PNAS 107（2010）； Checkley等人324（2009）），研究人员进行了一系列实验，以实现一系列的实验，以使鸡蛋和早期的幼虫对内地硅酸盐（Menidia landia lasseline lasseline coledia cole coer2级别）进行，同时'sipereline cois2级别''landelline lasselia cos2级别'' 研究。在1,000 ppm的二氧化碳时，与当前的二氧化碳水平相比，综合和一致（五个实验）的平均生存率〜1WK显着下降了约75％（390 ppm），而新孵化的幼虫的平均长度降低了22％。与先前的研究一起，这些结果表明，鱼类早期生命阶段对二氧化碳增加的高度敏感性令人惊讶，预计将发生在本世纪。鉴于许多鱼类种群的抽象，包括大多数商业物种，通常受影响早期生活历史增长和生存的过程的调节，海洋酸化可能会影响未来鱼类种群的动态，并成为对可持续渔业的另一个挑战。研究人员认为，现在有迫切需要更好地了解二氧化碳如何影响海洋中鱼类胚胎和幼虫的生存能力。这需要新的方法涉及多种物种的长期，大规模的实验。研究人员将全面研究三种模型鱼类的卵和幼虫阶段，当前和未来的二氧化碳水平（400-1,000 ppm）的影响：大西洋银银（M. Menidia），内陆银银（M. Beryllina）（M. beryllina）和绵羊羊角小鱼（Cyprinodon variegatus）。他们还将调查来自不同纬度的同一物种（甲尼氏菌）的种群。这些物种/种群在生态学上很重要，因为它们的中间营养位置，具有与商业海洋的相当生命史，提供遗传生长能力和敏感性的差异，并且非常适合实验室实验。将在不同的二氧化碳，温度（21，27°C）和喂食条件（低，副本）下进行的实验中测量生存和生长（基于重量和长度），从而允许与热应力和食物限制同时考虑二氧化碳的影响。量化进食率，总生长效率和氧气消耗的量化将表征高二氧化碳环境的物理成本。幼虫鱼耳石和骨骼元素的钙化变化将由重量和CA45放射性示波器方法确定。最后，幸存的梅尼迪亚（M. s. s. o. bellyllina）将被饲养到成熟，其后代将受到不同级别的二氧化碳的挑战。在几代人中重复这种方法将证明二氧化碳抗性可以通过自然选择发展。总的来说，这项研究将在了解海洋酸化如何挑战世界上最有价值的海洋资源（Fisher）的影响方面取得重大进展。Boader的影响：这项投资将作为Stony Brook University博士生的论文主题，并将支持一位女性博士后研究员。 PI在支持教育的多样性以及丰富本科和中学教育和研究方面具有丰富的记录，并将继续为该项目进行这些实践。在该项目期间，一项新颖的外展计划有可能吸引100万水族馆的顾客。