FESD Proposal,Type I: Open Earth Systems: Whole planet models for global processes and major events in Earth's history

FESD 提案，类型 I：开放地球系统：全球过程和地球历史重大事件的整个星球模型

• 批准号: 1135382
• 负责人: Peter Olson
• 金额: $ 484.55万
• 依托单位: Johns Hopkins University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2011-09-01 至 2018-09-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1135382&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: FESD; Proposal; Type; Open; Earth

The goals of the Open Earth Systems project are to develop capabilities to model global-scale interactions between the primary components of the Earth system -- the mantle, crust, core, ocean, and atmosphere, and to determine how these interactions control decisive events in Earth's history. Decisive events that uniquely shaped our planet, such as acquisition of surface water, atmosphere oxidation, super-continent formation and breakup, extreme volcanism, climate changes, geomagnetic reversals, and mass extinction events, all require mass and energy exchange between diverse parts of the Earth system that remain poorly understood at the fundamental level. Our project takes state-of-the-art numerical models of the mantle and crust, the core, the ocean, and the atmosphere, and for the first time, couples them together. Our specific objectives are to determine how Earth's dynamics, starting with mantle convection, alters the chemistry of the ocean and atmosphere, produces extreme volcanic activity, banded iron formations, leads to reversals of the geomagnetic field, and cycles oxygen, carbon, iron, and other essential constituents through the Earth system. The multi-disciplinary expertise for this effort is well represented in our investigator team, including Johns Hopkins University PIs Peter Olson, Linda Hinnov, Anand Gnanadesikan, and Darryn Waugh, in addition to PIs David Bercovici from Yale University, Michael Manga from UC Berkeley, and Shijie Zhong from the University of Colorado Boulder. An integral part of this project is developing new approaches for recruiting underrepresented minorities into the geosciences. We are initiating an internship program called Geoscience Ingenuity, partnering with Ingenuity Project representatives and instructors at Baltimore Polytechnic Institute, an engineering-oriented high school where the Baltimore Ingenuity Project is based. Geoscience Ingenuity offers mentoring and technical training for high school students working directly with the PIs and the staff on Open Earth System research projects. In addition, we offer summertime courses for Maryland teachers capitalizing on the widespread public interest in extreme natural phenomena, and emphasizing the roles these events play in the Earth system and their impacts on society, human history, public health, and current world affairs. Our FESD project serves as a cross-disciplinary training platform for graduate students, with a particular focus on providing the intellectual environment and the research tools for training graduate students in the solution of geoscience problems that span the Earth system from the core to the atmosphere.Our project focuses on several key interactions between different parts of the Earth system that critical to the Earth's long-term evolution, by coupling together a suite of well established models we call Open Earth Systems. Discipline-specific models in Open Earth Systems include CIG model CitcomS for mantle dynamics, tectonic evolution, and surface topography; GFDL models CM2.1 and CM2G for climate ocean-atmosphere-land interactions; GFDL model GOLD for ocean dynamics, CIG model MAG and also MAGIC for core dynamics and the geodynamo, and MELTS for magma systems. These models are modified to allow for coupling with the other models in the Open Earth System, in order to investigate the following grand challenge hypotheses: (1) The evolution of large-scale mantle convection and plate dynamics governs the history of global sea level, continental uplift, and large igneous events, with changes in plate motion, plate boundaries, and ocean basins caused by subduction zone formation along dormant plate boundaries; (2) Lowered sea level due to the geodynamic effects in (1) enhances the Earth system capacity for trapping carbon in the deep ocean, and conversely, raised sea level and increased roughness of the bottom topography during continental breakup and large igneous events increases the likelihood of hypoxia events in the deep ocean; (3) Variations in the frequency of reversals in the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale reflect changing dynamical and thermal conditions in the mantle and their affect on the core, initiate magnetic superchrons, and produce frequently reversing geodynamo states during the Phanerozoic; (4) Crustal age peaks correspond to peaks in crustal production rates from variable mantle convection modified by selective preservation, and Precambrian BIF peaks correspond to large igneous events modified by selective preservation.

开放地球系统项目的目标是发展模拟地球系统主要组成部分（地幔、地壳、地核、海洋和大气）之间全球规模相互作用的能力，并确定这些相互作用如何控制地球历史上的决定性事件。决定性的事件，独特地塑造了我们的星球，如获取地表水，大气氧化，超级大陆的形成和分裂，极端火山活动，气候变化，地磁逆转和大规模灭绝事件，所有这些都需要地球系统的不同部分之间的质量和能量交换，而这些交换在基本层面上仍然知之甚少。我们的项目采用了最先进的地幔和地壳、地核、海洋和大气的数值模型，并首次将它们结合在一起。 我们的具体目标是确定地球的动力学，从地幔对流开始，改变海洋和大气的化学性质，产生极端的火山活动，带状铁形成，导致地磁场的逆转，并通过地球系统循环氧，碳，铁和其他基本成分。我们的研究团队充分体现了多学科的专业知识，包括约翰霍普金斯大学的PI Peter Olson、琳达欣诺夫、Anand Gnanadesikan和Darryn Waugh，以及耶鲁大学的PI大卫伯科维奇、加州大学伯克利分校的Michael Manga和科罗拉多博尔德大学的钟世杰。该项目的一个组成部分是开发新方法，招募代表性不足的少数族裔进入地球科学领域。我们正在发起一个名为地球科学的不可侵犯性的实习计划，与不可侵犯性项目的代表和教师在巴尔的摩理工学院，一个工程导向的高中，巴尔的摩不可侵犯性项目的基础合作。Geoscience Incidity为直接与PI和开放地球系统研究项目工作人员合作的高中生提供指导和技术培训。此外，我们为马里兰州教师提供夏季课程，利用公众对极端自然现象的广泛兴趣，并强调这些事件在地球系统中的作用及其对社会，人类历史，公共卫生和当今世界事务的影响。我们的FESD项目作为一个跨学科的研究生培训平台，特别注重提供知识环境和研究工具，培养研究生解决地球系统从核心到大气层的地球科学问题。我们的项目侧重于地球系统不同部分之间的几个关键相互作用，这些相互作用对地球的长期演化至关重要，通过将一套完善的模型结合在一起，我们称之为开放地球系统。在开放地球系统中，特定于海洋的模型包括CIG模型CitcomS，用于地幔动力学，构造演化和表面地形; GFDL模型CM2.1和CM 2G，用于气候海洋-大气-陆地相互作用; GFDL模型GOLD用于海洋动力学，CIG模型MAG和MAGIC用于核心动力学和地球发电机，以及用于岩浆系统的MELTS。这些模型被修改，以允许与开放地球系统中的其他模型耦合，以研究以下重大挑战假设：（1）大规模地幔对流和板块动力学的演化控制着全球海平面、大陆隆升和大型火成岩事件的历史，伴随着板块运动、板块边界、以及沿着休眠板块边界俯冲带形成的洋盆;（2）由于（1）中的地球动力学效应而降低的海平面增强了地球系统在深海中捕获碳的能力，反之，在大陆分裂和大规模火成岩活动期间，海平面上升和海底地形粗糙度增加，增加了深海缺氧事件的可能性;（三）地磁极性时间尺度反转频率的变化反映了地幔动力学和热条件的变化及其对地球活动的影响。（4）地壳年龄峰值对应于由选择性保存作用改变的地幔对流引起的地壳生产率峰值，前寒武纪BIF峰值对应于由选择性保存作用改变的大规模岩浆事件。