FESD Proposal, Type II: " CIDER-II synthesis center: Cooperative Institute for Dynamic Earth Research"

研究所建议将CIDER-II（动力地球研究合作研究所）发展为“无围墙研究所”，使所有学科的地球科学家能够分享他们在研究板块构造和相关自然灾害（特别是地震）的基本过程方面的知识。CIDER II将促进协调一致的多学科调查，涉及广泛的地球科学学科的领先研究人员。它将： * 促进个人和跨学科研究人员小组之间的协同作用， 解决固体地球科学中尚未解决的重点和难点问题; * 提供一个环境，以发展新的想法，这将有助于确定下一代的关键实验和观察，并建立赞赏和支持他们; * 为所有职业水平的科学家提供跨学科教育的场所。CIDER的目标是通过多学科方法帮助提高对地球演变和当前动态的基本理解。自板块构造理论被接受以来已经有40年了，但地球科学家们尚未就驱动板块运动的全球动力学过程的基本性质达成明确的一致意见。对全球地震层析成像模型的新解释表明，需要一种变革性的方法，而且这种方法很可能会取得成功，这表明地球存在多个深度域，这些深度域显示出随波长和深度而变化的不同异质性。这表明每个深度域都有自己的动态，但它们之间存在一定程度的耦合。一般来说，这是一个比迄今为止所考虑的要复杂得多的问题。与此同时，新一代的学科工具正在变得可用，它们提供了前所未有的地球内部视图。目前正在进行重大的基础设施建设工作：Earthscope的USAray（http：www.earthscope.org）为地震学家提供了一个高分辨率的“窗口”，可以观察北美大陆的岩石圈、深地幔和地核; COMPRES（http：compres.us）使矿物物理学家能够在与地球内部深处有关的高P-T条件下对矿物特性进行先进的测量，并将测量结果与“第一原理”计算的结果进行比较。CIG（http：www.geodynamics.org）为地球动力学家和地震学家提供了一个统一的、最先进的框架，用于计算地幔和地核对流以及地震波传播。广泛的全球定位系统网络和卫星观测正在使大地测量学和地磁学领域发生革命性变化（例如EarthScope的板块边界观测台、奥斯特、Champ、GRACE和Swarm）。正在将古地磁数据汇集到MagIC数据库（earthref.org/MAGIC/）。在地球化学方面，过去25年来收集的大量高质量化学和同位素数据现已成为系统和广泛访问的数据库的一部分（PEDB：www.petdb.org，GEOROC georoc.mpch-mainz.gwdg.de/georoc），不断改进的分析技术正在提供从微米到数千公里尺度的地幔过程的新视角。鉴于观测数据的数量和多样性，如果我们能够确定和关注必然跨越学科的关键问题，并建立有效的跨学科桥梁来解决这些问题，那么可以预期，对我们星球的构成和演变的理解将有一个重大的飞跃。CIDER-II的作用将是为社区评估、验证、解决问题和建立共识。每年，这个“没有围墙的中心”的活动将围绕一个主要的多学科主题组织。每个CIDER-II“主题”的启动将是一个为期6周的夏季计划，旨在将跨学科和跨职业水平的研究人员聚集在一个地方，以确定综合和/或协调多学科研究工作的关键问题。CIDER-II还将向为处理经确认可加以综合的具体实际问题而成立的工作组提供支助。CIDER本质上是一个影响广泛的计划：它促进了地球科学家在其职业生涯的任何层面的交叉教育;它旨在教育新一代的地球科学家，他们具有在理解动态地球方面取得进展所需的跨学科能力。CIDER的网络资源，包括夏季课程期间的讲座发布和网络广播，以及计划的网络论坛和公开出版物，旨在覆盖整个地球科学家社区。CIDER将通过产生更广泛的知识渊博的教师队伍来影响本科教育。

The PIs propose to develop CIDER-II, (Cooperative Institute for Dynamic Earth Research) as an "Institute without Walls" enabling Earth Scientists of all disciplines to share their knowledge in studying the fundamental processes responsible for plate tectonics and associated natural hazards, in particular earthquakes. CIDER II will facilitate concerted multi-disciplinary investigations involving leading researchers across a broad range of Earth Science disciplines. It will: * Foster synergies between individuals and small groups of interdisciplinary researchers in tackling the most important and difficult unsolved problems in solid earth science; * Provide an environment for the development of new ideas that will help identify the next generation of critical experiments and observations, and to build appreciation and support for them; * Provide a venue for cross-disciplinary education of scientists at all career levels.CIDER's goals are to help improve fundamental understanding of the Earth's evolution and present dynamics through a multi-disciplinary approach. It has been 40 years since the acceptance of plate tectonics theory, but no definitive agreement has yet been reached among geoscientists on the fundamental nature of the global dynamic processes that drive plate motions. The indication that a transformative approach is needed and is likely to be successful comes from new interpretation of global seismic tomographic models, indicating the existence of multiple depth domains in the Earth that show different properties of heterogeneity as a function of wavelength and depth. This suggests each depth domain has its own dynamics, but with some degree of coupling among them. Generally, a much more complex problem than has been considered until now. Meanwhile, a new generation of disciplinary tools is becoming available that are providing unprecedented views of the Earth's interior. Major infrastructure efforts are currently under way: Earthscope's USArray (http://www.earthscope.org) provides seismologists with a high resolution "window" into the lithosphere, deep mantle and core over the North American continent; COMPRES (http://compres.us) allows mineral physicists to perform advanced measurements on mineral properties at the high P-T conditions relevant to the Earth's deep interior, and to compare them with results of "first principles" calculations. CIG (http://www.geodynamics.org) provides geodynamicists and seismologists with a unified, state of the art framework for computations of mantle and core convection and seismic wave propagation. Extensive GPS networks and satellite observations are revolutionizing the fields of geodesy and geomagnetism (e.g. EarthScope's Plate Boundary Observatory, Oersted, Champ, GRACE and Swarm). Paleomagnetic data are being assembled into the MagIC database (earthref.org/MAGIC/). In geochemistry, the enormous volumes of high quality chemical and isotopic data gathered over the past 25 years are now part of systematic and broadly accessible databases (PETDB:www.petdb.org, GEOROC georoc.mpch-mainz.gwdg.de/georoc), and ever-improving analytical techniques are providing new perspectives on mantle processes at scales from micrometers to thousands of kilometers. Given the enormous amount and diversity of observations becoming available, a significant leap in the understanding of the constitution and evolution of our planet can be expected, if we can identify and focus on the key issues that necessarily span across disciplines, and build effective inter-disciplinary bridges to solve them.The role of CIDER-II will be to provide mechanisms for community evaluation, validation, problem reconciliation and consensus building. In each year, the activities of this "Center without walls" will be organized around a principal multi-disciplinary theme. The kick-off for each CIDER-II "theme" will be a 6-week summer program aimed at bringing together in one place researchers across disciplines, and across career levels, to define key questions that are ripe for synthesis and/or for a concerted multi-disciplinary research effort. CIDER-II will also provide support for working groups formed to address particular practical issues identified as ripe for synthesis. CIDER is inherently a broad impact program: it facilitates cross-education of earth scientists at any level in their career; it aims at educating a new generation of Earth scientists with a breadth of competence across disciplines required to make progress in understanding the dynamic earth. CIDER's web resources, including posting and webcasting of lectures given during the summer programs, as well as planned web forums and open publications, is designed to reach the entire community of earth scientists. CIDER will impact undergraduate education by producing a more broadly knowledgeable faculty cohort.