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Environmental Engel Curves

环境恩格尔曲线

基本信息

批准号：
1156170
负责人：
Arik Levinson
金额：
$ 15万
依托单位：
National Bureau of Economic Research Inc
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
Standard Grant
财政年份：
2012
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2012-09-01 至 2016-08-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1156170&HistoricalAwards=false
关键词：
Environmental Engel Curves

项目摘要

AbstractProposal No: 1156170 Institution: National Bureau of Economic Research Inc NSF Program: ECONOMICS Principal Investigators: Arik Levinson Title: Environmental Engel CurvesThis project investigates the relationship between households' incomes and the amount of pollution embodied in the goods and services they consume. It provides the first-ever estimate of an Environmental Engel curve (EEC) - a graphical depiction of the relationship between household income and consumption-related pollution.Over the past 30 years, while real U.S. household income approximately doubled, many measures of the pollution attributable to household consumption have remained relatively flat or declined. Some of this reduction in pollution per dollar of household consumption has been the result of consumers switching to a relatively cleaner mix of goods and services. Part of this switch has been a consequence of economy-wide social changes, such as regulation-induced price changes and growing environmental consciousness. But part of the switch has been due to an underlying and possibly coincidental preference by richer people for relatively cleaner goods and services. This project calculates annual EECs for the United States and thus provides a basis for decomposing the improvements in pollution attributable to U.S. households into those two parts: changing nationwide prices and preferences, and household income growth.To date, evidence about the income-pollution relationship is based on comparisons across countries at a particular point in time, or across time within a particular country. These aggregate data are insufficient to estimate EECs or to differentiate between consumption patterns driven by society-wide changes and consumption patterns due solely to income growth. In order to estimate the income-pollution relationship, all other factors must be held equal - including the prices and characteristics of available goods, which are likely to vary significantly across countries or over time. Consequently, this project estimates year-specific EECs within the United States for each year from 1984 to the present. This involves combining data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX), the Bureau of Economic Analysis benchmark input-output tables, the U.S. Economic Census and Census of Agriculture, and a new dataset of industry-specific pollution intensities called the Trade and Environmental Assessment Model (TEAM).Debates about the relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation have a long history. Some proponents of stringent environmental regulations have claimed that economic growth must be slowed in order to preserve the environment. Opponents of regulations occasionally note that wealthier countries have less pollution, and infer that economic growth improves the environment. While both conclusions may mistake correlation for causation, one mechanism that could ameliorate the effect of economic growth in pollution due to economic expansion would involve richer households consuming a less pollution intensive set of goods. By estimating household-level EECs, this project represents the first empirical link between the broad literature on growth and the environment and the fundamental microeconomic literature on consumer preferences and income growth.

摘要提案编号：1156170机构：美国国家经济研究局NSF项目：经济学主要研究者：Arik Levinson标题：环境恩格尔曲线这个项目调查家庭收入与他们消费的商品和服务中包含的污染量之间的关系。它提供了有史以来第一个环境恩格尔曲线（EEC）的估计-家庭收入和消费相关的污染之间的关系的图形描述。在过去的30年中，虽然真实的美国家庭收入大约翻了一番，但许多家庭消费造成的污染指标保持相对平稳或下降。家庭消费中每一美元的污染减少部分是消费者转向相对清洁的商品和服务组合的结果。这种转变的部分原因是经济范围内的社会变化，如监管引起的价格变化和日益增长的环保意识。但这种转变的部分原因是，富人对相对清洁的商品和服务的潜在偏好，可能是巧合。该项目计算了美国的年度EEC，从而为将美国家庭的污染改善分解为两个部分提供了基础：全国范围内价格和偏好的变化以及家庭收入的增长。迄今为止，关于收入-污染关系的证据是基于在特定时间点的国家间比较，或在特定国家内的跨时间比较。这些综合数据不足以估计经济增长率，也不足以区分由全社会变化驱动的消费模式和仅由收入增长驱动的消费模式。为了估计收入-污染关系，所有其他因素都必须保持相等-包括现有商品的价格和特性，这些因素在不同国家或不同时期可能会有很大差异。因此，该项目估计了从1984年到现在美国每年的特定年份的EEC。这涉及到综合消费者支出调查（CEX）、经济分析局基准投入产出表、美国经济普查和农业普查的数据，以及一个名为贸易和环境评估模型（TEAM）的新的行业污染强度数据集。关于经济增长与环境恶化之间的关系的争论由来已久。一些支持严格的环境法规的人声称，为了保护环境，经济增长必须放缓。反对监管的人偶尔会指出，富裕国家的污染较少，并推断经济增长改善了环境。虽然这两个结论都可能将相关性误认为因果关系，但有一种机制可以改善经济增长对经济扩张造成的污染的影响，即富裕家庭消费污染程度较低的商品。通过估计家庭一级的EECs，这个项目代表了第一个经验之间的联系广泛的文献增长和环境和消费者偏好和收入增长的基本微观经济文献。