Systematics and evolution of migration in Clupeiformes (Herring, Sardines, Shad, Anchovies, and their allies)

迁徙是动物间普遍存在的现象。最引人注目的迁徙类型之一发生在鲑鱼、鳗鱼、鲱鱼和鲟鱼等鱼类身上，它们在河流和海洋之间迁徙，觅食和繁殖。许多这些洄游鱼类对它们的生态系统、娱乐和商业捕捞都很重要。然而，迁徙的进化及其对物种特征的影响仍然是个谜。包括鲱鱼、沙丁鱼、鱼和凤尾鱼在内的鱼类群是研究迁徙的一个极好的模型，因为它包括大量的迁徙物种，其中许多具有经济重要性。令人惊讶的是，人们对这些鱼类的进化关系和分类知之甚少。该项目的目标是利用DNA序列和解剖学数据来生成Clupeiformes的生命树，并将这一群体作为理解迁移进化的模型。该项目将确定哪些特征与迁徙有关，以及这些特征在洄游鱼类中与非洄游鱼类的进化差异。该项目更广泛的影响包括培训一名博士后、两名研究生、高中教师和来自STEM学科中代表性不足群体的第一代本科生，包括现任和前任军人以及社区大学转学生。此外，本项目还将修订Clupeiformes的分类学，包括新物种的发现和描述，为其鉴定提供分类钥匙，并建立一个开放的所有洄游鱼类在线数据库。本项目将利用基因组尺度数据和形态特征，生成一套完整的Clupeiformes系统发育图，以研究二聚体的进化及其对谱系和表型多样性的影响。利用靶向外显子捕获，该项目将对1000个基因座进行系统发育测序，并研究二染色体的分子进化。形态学特征将在未充分研究的系统中识别，如鳃弓、脑壳和软组织，使用干骨架、整个标本、数字ct扫描图像和清晰和染色标本。适应二胎生活史的分子基础将通过测试渗透调节和视觉基因的选择率和模式的差异来确定。国家依赖的多样化和姐妹比较分析将用于测试二系系是否驱动谱系多样化率的差异。形态进化的速率将使用最大似然和贝叶斯方法来估计，其中包括缺失的分类群和参数估计和系统发育中的不确定性。利用与运动和摄食相关的功能特征，该项目还将确定洄游鱼类是否居住在与运动和摄食相关的不同宏观进化适应峰上。比较方法将用于确定与二代相关联的各种性状的最适合的进化模型，并测试这些性状是否处于强选择之下。本项目将揭示多生物尺度上二叉虫的宏观进化动态，解决棒形虫的系统分类学问题。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Migration is a widespread phenomenon among animals. One of the most spectacular types of migration, which occurs in fish such as salmon, eels, shad and sturgeon, involves movement between rivers and oceans to feed and reproduce. Many of these migratory fishes are important to their ecosystem and for recreational and commercial harvests. However, the evolution of migration and its consequences for species traits remains mysterious. The group of fishes that includes herrings, sardines, shads, and anchovies (Clupeiformes), is an excellent model for studying migration because it includes a large number of migratory species, many of which are of economic importance. Surprisingly, the evolutionary relationships and taxonomy of these fishes is poorly understood. The goal of this project is to use DNA sequence and anatomical data to generate a tree of life for Clupeiformes, and use this group as a model to understand the evolution of migration. The project will determine which traits are associated with migration, and how these traits evolve differently in migratory fishes compared to non-migratory fishes. The broader impacts of this project include training for a postdoc, two graduate students, high school teachers and first-generation undergraduates from underrepresented groups in STEM disciplines, including current and former military members and community college transfer students. In addition, this project will revise the taxonomy of Clupeiformes, including discovery and description of new species, provide taxonomic keys for their identification, and develop an open, online database of all migratory fishes. This project will generate a comprehensive phylogeny of Clupeiformes using genome-scale data and morphological characters to investigate the evolution of diadromy and its impact on lineage and phenotypic diversity. Using targeted exon capture, the project will sequence 1000 loci for phylogenetics and investigating the molecular evolution of diadromy. Morphological characters will be identified in understudied systems such as the gill arches, brain case, and soft tissue using dry skeletons, whole specimens, digital CT-scanned images and clear and stained specimens. The molecular basis for adaptation to a diadromous life history will be determined by testing for differences in rates and patterns of selection in osmoregulatory and vision genes. State-dependent diversification and sister comparison analyses will be used to test whether diadromy drives differences in rates of lineage diversification. Rates of morphological evolution will be estimated using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods that incorporate missing taxa and uncertainty in parameter estimates and phylogeny. Using functional traits related to locomotion and feeding, the project also will determine whether migratory fishes reside on distinct macroevolutionary adaptive peaks associated with locomotion and feeding. Comparative methods will be used to determine the best-fit models of evolution for various traits associated with diadromy, and test to whether these traits are under strong selection. This project will reveal the macroevolutionary dynamics of diadromy across multiple biological scales and resolve the systematics and taxonomy of Clupeiformes.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.