Droplet-based Microfluidics as a Versatile Platform for the Determination of Reaction Mechanisms in Nanoscale Systems

纳米材料对新兴应用的潜在影响是巨大的，有可能在替代能源、计算和医学等不同领域产生颠覆性的新技术进步。 "自下而上"的化学方法，开始与分子积木是理想的路线，纳米材料，因为他们，在原则上，是非常通用的，并允许设计和合成任意的纳米结构。 尽管经过几十年的研究，我们对某些分子实体如何反应形成纳米结构的机理了解甚少。 所有有助于形成特定纳米结构的变量使这个问题复杂化，并且使得不可能先验地设计合成策略。 这是由于缺乏纳米结构的成核和生长（各向同性或各向异性）如何受到化学和物理环境的影响的原位信息。 由固态和材料化学计划支持的拟议研究将通过开发迄今为止对纳米结构合成的最彻底的分子水平理解来解决上述问题，该平台利用基于多功能液滴的微流体平台，可以模拟批量合成程序并产生无法区分的液滴，其中发生纳米结构形成反应。 该集成装置将与同步加速器X射线辐射接口，用于原位，实时吸收和散射测量。 我们将利用微流控装置来回答基本的机制未知的影响，内在/外在阴离子的还原和成核生长的速度在形成球形过渡金属纳米粒子（NPs），形状控制生长的Pt NPs和Au纳米棒，特别强调捕获的初始化学反应，诱导各向同性到各向异性的转变。 非技术总结本提案的结果将提供有价值的信息，以开发用于高通量生产任何任意尺寸、形状和组成的纳米结构的连续反应器。 这项建议的教育推广是为研究生和本科生-特别是来自代表性不足群体的学生-提供机会，参与纳米科学、微加工和基于同步加速器的表征的基础研究。 据估计，美国每100名儿童中就有1名患有自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）诊断。 在宾夕法尼亚州的中心县，一个非营利的人类服务组织，NHS为8 - 14岁的ASD个体运行了一个课后计划-垫脚石。 PI和他的团队将带头开发简单和视觉刺激的科学课程，作为“科学星期二”的一部分。 被诊断患有ASD的人是感官学习者，我们的科学课程将主要通过视觉演示来完成，使学生能够参与其中，鼓励与同龄人，PI和他的研究生进行社交互动。 视觉实验涵盖了与拟议工作相关的概念（包括溶解度，过饱和度，成核和结晶学），包括生长冰糖和云的形成。 这些课程将通过YouTube和每年在宾夕法尼亚州立大学校园举行的全国自闭症会议上的现场演示进行录制和传播。

TECHNICAL SUMMARYThe potential impact of nanoscale materials on emerging applications is immense, with the possibility of producing disruptive new technological advances in areas as diverse as alternative energy, computing, and medicine. "Bottom-up" chemical methods that begin with molecular building blocks are ideal routes to nanoscale materials because they, in principal, are extremely versatile and permit the design and synthesis of arbitrary nanostructures. Despite several decades of research, we have very little mechanistic understanding of how certain molecular entities react to form nanostructures. All of the variables contributing to the formation of a particular nanostructure complicate this problem and make it impossible to design synthetic strategies apriori. This empiricism is due to the lack of in-situ information of how nanostructure nucleation and growth (isotropic or anisotropic) is influenced by the chemical and physical environment. The proposed research supported by the Solid State and Materials Chemistry Program will address the problem outlined above by developing the most thorough molecular-level understanding of nanostructure synthesis to date utilizing a versatile droplet-based microfluidic platform that can mimic bulk synthetic procedures and produce indistinguishable droplets within which nanostructure-forming reactions occur. The integrated device will be interfaced with synchrotron x-ray radiation for in-situ, real-time absorption and scattering measurements. We will utilize the microfluidic device to answer fundamental mechanistic unknowns regarding the influence of intrinsic/extrinsic anions on the rate of reduction and nucleation-growth during the formation of spherical transition metal nanoparticles (NPs), shape-controlled growth of Pt NPs and Au nanorods with a particular emphasis on capturing the initial chemical reactions that induce isotropic-to-anisotropic transformation. NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARYThe results of this proposal will provide valuable information to develop continuous reactors for high-throughput production of nanostructures of any arbitrary size, shape and composition. The educational outreach of this proposal is to provide opportunity to graduate students, and undergraduates - especially those from underrepresented groups - to participate in fundamental research in nanoscience, microfabrication and synchrotron-based characterization. It is estimated that 1 in 100 children in the United States have an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis. In Centre County, Pennsylvania, a non-profit, human services organization, NHS runs an after-school program - Stepping Stones - for ASD individuals between the ages of 8-14. The PI and his group will take the lead on developing simple and visually stimulating science lessons as part of "Science Tuesdays". Individuals diagnosed with ASD are sensory learners and our science lessons will be primarily accomplished through visual demonstrations enabling student participation which encourages social interaction with their peers, the PI and his graduate students. Visual experiments that cover concepts relevant to the proposed work (including solubility, supersaturation, nucleation and crystallography) include growing rock candy and cloud formation. These lessons will be recorded and disseminated via YouTube and through live demonstrations at the National Autism Conference held annually on the campus of the Pennsylvania State University.