Ocean Acidification: Examining Impacts on Squid Paralarval Development, Behavior, and Survival

鱿鱼通常被称为基石物种，因为它们在海洋生态系统中起着核心作用。它们在海洋食物网中扮演着至关重要的角色，既是许多顶级捕食者（如海鸟、海豚、鲨鱼和金枪鱼）的猎物，也是较小的、通常是深水（中上层）鱼类和无脊椎动物的贪婪捕食者。鱿鱼是一种重要的渔业资源，既可以直接作为商业和休闲渔业，也可以间接作为许多鱼类的重要食物来源，供不断增长的人口食用。鱿鱼丰度的变化会极大地影响海洋生态和渔业产量。尽管鱿鱼对生态系统和经济都很重要，但海洋酸化对鱿鱼影响的研究却很少。对幼乌贼的影响是主要关注的，因为：(i)早期发育阶段的动物对环境条件高度敏感；（ii）它们成功的早期生活史、生长、行为和生存对建立支持生态系统食物网和全球渔业的未来群体至关重要。这项工作的目的是量化OA条件如何影响鱿鱼胚胎和幼鱼的发育、行为和生存。这些研究将为了解OA对鱿鱼种群的潜在影响提供机制基础。鱿鱼是一种动态生物，在海洋上升流区域可能会遇到高二氧化碳和低pH值，本研究将收集这些环境变量的测量数据。本研究采用广泛的全生物方法来了解OA对鱿鱼的影响，通过检查这些动物在环境二氧化碳和pH值水平下的解剖学，生理学和行为，包括现在和预测的未来值。这是首次全面研究OA对鱿鱼影响的试验。在海洋条件不断变化，鱿鱼渔业压力增加，以及初步数据显示OA对鱿鱼的潜在影响的背景下，这些实验是及时的。了解这些影响将有助于渔业管理者估计这种和其他头足类动物物种的生态系统和经济影响。这项研究的信息将通过伍兹霍尔海洋研究所的夏季系列研讨会，用于吸引和教育对鱿鱼生物学着迷的公众了解海洋酸化。研究小组和伍兹霍尔海洋通讯部将向记者传达这项研究的结果；通过现有的奖学金项目与教师就这项工作进行互动；为当地一所理科学校的小学生编写和传递教材；并为高中教师开发了一个名为“鱿鱼也有耳朵！”的鱿鱼解剖模块。

Squid are often referred to as keystone species because of their central role in ocean ecosystems. They play vital roles in marine food webs both as prey for many of top predators such as seabirds, dolphins, sharks, and tunas, and as voracious predators of smaller, often deep-water (mesopelagic) fishes and invertebrates. Squid comprise a substantial fisheries resource, both directly as commercial and recreational fisheries, and indirectly as an important food source for many of the fishes consumed by a growing human population. Changes in squid abundances can dramatically impact the ecology of the ocean and fisheries yields. Despite the importance of squid to both ecosystems and economies, there has been little investigation of the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on these taxa. Impacts upon juvenile squid are a primary concern because: (i) early developmental stage animals are highly sensitive to environmental conditions and (ii) their successful early life history growth, behavior and survival are critical to founding future cohorts that support ecosystem food webs and global fisheries. The goal of this work is to quantify how OA conditions impact squid embryo and juvenile development, behavior, and survival. The studies will provide a mechanistic foundation for understanding potential impacts of OA on squid populations. Squid are dynamic organisms, which may now encounter high carbon dioxide and lower pH in areas of ocean upwelling, and measures of these environmental variables will be collected in this study. This research takes an extensive whole-organism approach to understanding OA impacts on squid by examining anatomy, physiology, and behavior of these animals at levels of environmental carbon dioxide and pH encompassing present-day and predicted, future values. These are the first tests to comprehensively examine OA impacts on squid. The experiments are timely in the context of changing ocean conditions, increased pressure on squid fisheries, and preliminary data showing potential OA impacts on squid. Understanding these effects will aid fisheries managers in estimating ecosystem and economic impacts in this and other cephalopod species. Information from this research will be used to engage and educate the general public, who are fascinated by squid biology, about ocean acidification through a summer seminar series at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The research team and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Communications Department will communicate findings from this study to journalists; interact with teachers about this work through existing fellowship programs; construct and convey education materials for grade-school children at a local science school; and develop a squid dissection module for high school teachers entitled "Squid have ears too!"