RAPID: Too hot to hold: Effects of unseasonable warming on the Azores nekton community and its keystone taxon

快速：太热了：不合时宜的变暖对亚速尔群岛游生物群落及其关键分类群的影响

• 批准号: 2203204
• 负责人: Aran Mooney
• 金额: $ 19.61万
• 依托单位: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2021-11-15 至 2023-10-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2203204&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: RAPID; Too; hot; hold; Effects

Across the globe it has become increasingly clear that climate change is influencing animal movement patterns. The daily vertical migration of marine animals such as squid is often termed “the largest migration on Earth.” Understanding the impacts of climate change on diel vertical migration is essential for an understanding of how ocean ecosystems will fare with increasing temperatures. Central Atlantic waters are ca. 2-3 °C above normal; this unusual warming event provides a short and urgent window of opportunity to examine how global warming will affect this huge migration. The movements and energetics of squid and their larger community are being measured using traditional oceanographic methods and innovative, new high-resolution sensor and motion tags. The new data are providing novel insights into how warm temperatures are affecting movements, migrations, changes in biomass, and other energetic consequences of behavioral responses to environmental change. The project leverages an animal group (squid) that links top predators and smaller prey within a complex trophic web. As a group, squids are one of the world’s largest fisheries, they are of global food-resource importance, and they are prey for many commercially important fish species (tuna, swordfish), sea birds and marine mammals. Predicting climate-driven changes on these animals and their daily migratory patterns is critical for sustainable resource management. Educational broader impacts are focused on training opportunities for graduate and undergraduate students with emphasis on recruiting participants from underrepresented groups. The graduate students are gaining international experience in field work and scientific collaborations.Diel vertical migrations are a vital process of ocean energy exchange that are influenced by the physical environment, yet few experimental data address how warming affects these migrations. Central Atlantic waters are ca. 2-3° C above normal, extending stratified summer conditions and stressful warmer waters into a key time of year when organisms “expect” greater mixing and cooler oceans. These fleeting warm-water conditions present a unique opportunity to study how a vertically migrating nekton community and its key component (squid) are adjusting their movements to balance energetic demands and expenditures. Building from a suite of before-and-after data, this project is examining the response of the migratory community and the squid to unusually warm, physiologically stressful, ocean conditions during a critical life-stage. The prediction is that the community and squid are utilizing an energetically costly set of responses, leading to altered movement patterns and decreased densities of migratory organisms in surface waters at night. The timeframe of the project coincides with a period when squid invest in somatic and reproductive growth via substantial foraging and interactions within the larger nekton community. New data are being collected to (i) examine movement ecology and energetics by tagging Loligo forbesii squid near the Azores using novel motion tags and environmental sensors (ITAGs), (ii) quantify the nekton community and prey layer density and movements via scientific echosounders in locations overlapping with tagged animals, (iii) characterize environmental conditions using standard oceanographic casts, surface satellite data, and the eco-sensor data from animal-borne tags, and (iv) assess vertical movement and habitat use changes as seasonality progresses using longer-term, lower resolution, movement tags. The central hypothesis being tested is that the migratory community is responding to thermal stress by changing vertical migration patterns and feeding strategies. These responses have negative consequences on the squid’s energy balance and lead to higher foraging costs and decreased feeding success.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

在整个地球仪，气候变化正在影响动物的运动模式，这一点已经变得越来越清楚。鱿鱼等海洋动物每天的垂直迁徙通常被称为“地球上最大的迁徙”。了解气候变化对昼夜垂直迁移的影响对于了解海洋生态系统如何应对温度升高至关重要。中大西洋沃茨是ca。2-3高于正常温度;这一不寻常的变暖事件提供了一个短暂而紧迫的机会之窗，以研究全球变暖将如何影响这一巨大的迁徙。正在使用传统的海洋学方法和创新的高分辨率传感器和运动标签来测量鱿鱼及其更大群体的运动和能量。新的数据提供了新的见解，了解温暖的温度如何影响运动，迁移，生物量的变化以及对环境变化的行为反应的其他能量后果。该项目利用了一个动物群体（鱿鱼），在一个复杂的营养网中将顶级捕食者和较小的猎物联系起来。作为一个群体，鱿鱼是世界上最大的渔业之一，它们具有全球食物资源的重要性，是许多具有重要商业价值的鱼类（金枪鱼、箭鱼）、海鸟和海洋哺乳动物的猎物。预测这些动物的气候变化及其日常迁徙模式对于可持续资源管理至关重要。更广泛的教育影响侧重于为研究生和本科生提供培训机会，重点是从代表性不足的群体中招募参与者。研究生正在获得实地工作和科学合作的国际经验。昼夜垂直迁移是海洋能量交换的一个重要过程，受物理环境的影响，但很少有实验数据解决变暖如何影响这些迁移。中大西洋沃茨是ca。比正常温度高2-3° C，将夏季分层条件和压力较大的温暖沃茨延长到一年中生物“期望”更大的混合和更冷的海洋的关键时间。这些短暂的温水条件提供了一个独特的机会来研究垂直迁移的游泳动物群落及其关键组成部分（鱿鱼）如何调整它们的运动，以平衡能量需求和支出。该项目以一套前后数据为基础，正在研究洄游群体和鱿鱼在关键生命阶段对异常温暖、生理压力和海洋条件的反应。预测是，该社区和鱿鱼正在利用一套能量昂贵的反应，导致改变移动模式和减少密度的迁移生物在表面沃茨在夜间。该项目的时间框架与鱿鱼通过大量觅食和较大游泳动物群落内的相互作用投资于体细胞和生殖生长的时期相吻合。 正在收集新的数据，以便：（一）通过使用新型运动标签和环境传感器对亚速尔群岛附近的Loligo forbesii鱿鱼进行标记，研究运动生态学和能量学;（二）通过与标记动物重叠的位置的科学回声探测器对游泳动物群落和猎物层密度和运动进行量化;（三）使用标准海洋学模型、地面卫星数据，和生态传感器数据从动物传播的标签，和（iv）评估垂直运动和栖息地使用的变化，随着季节性的进展，使用长期的，较低的分辨率，运动标签。正在测试的中心假设是，迁徙社区正在通过改变垂直迁徙模式和觅食策略来应对热应力。这些反应对鱿鱼的能量平衡产生负面影响，导致觅食成本增加，喂养成功率降低。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

项目成果

Swimming behaviors during diel vertical migration in veined squid Loligo forbesii

纹鱿鱼 Loligo forbesii 昼夜垂直洄游过程中的游泳行为

• DOI: 10.3354/meps14056
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Marine Ecology Progress Series
• 影响因子: 2.5
• 作者: Cones, SF;Zhang, D;Shorter, KA;Katija, K;Mann, DA;Jensen, FH;Fontes, J;Afonso, P;Mooney, TA
• 通讯作者: Mooney, TA