Doctoral Dissertation Research in Political Science: Monopolies of Violence.

这个项目的重点是贫民窟帮派的做法，很快就会有全球10亿人参与其中。尽管帮派的主要动机是垄断这些地区的暴力和毒品销售，但许多帮派对当地民众进行了各种形式的治理。这篇论文项目将试图描绘出这种差异的原因，并追踪帮派如何以及为什么随着时间的推移而从事这种做法。在许多贫民窟，政府在历史上一直缺席。帮派组织取代了国家，成为主要的政治参与者。一些帮派实施了响应性的法律和司法制度，而另一些帮派则没有。在这种情况下铲除或控制帮派需要考虑到它们所扮演的角色。这项研究将涉及对可能解释帮派治理差异的结构性因素的量化分析，包括治安策略、敌对帮派的入侵、公民社会的力量以及贫民窟的选举价值。研究还将包括深入的定性案例研究、半结构化访谈和居民调查，以更好地了解帮派治理做法并随着时间的推移对其进行追踪。该项目将能够主张不同武装行为者之间有更明确的联系和共同点，并澄清各种背景因素的影响。此外，这个项目将展示帮派如何应对随着时间的推移不断变化的情况，这将提供一个更具活力的帮派治理报告。除了参与有关武装团体及其与平民的关系的重要理论辩论外，该项目还对许多发展中世界的城市公共政策产生了重要影响。世界上近一半的人生活在城市环境中，很快，全世界将有超过10亿人生活在贫民窟和棚户区。其中许多地方都有帮派，帮派与居民发展的关系类型仍然是基本经济福利、提供公共物品、发展民主做法以及易受暴力和恐吓程度的最大决定因素。多个州正在积极打击城市帮派和人口贩运组织，并努力遏制它们。公共政策界认为，随着更多的警力和资源的提供，帮派的存在和暴力将自动减少，这是有问题的。这一提议表明，帮派是战略性和精打细算的参与者，可以产生各种结果，需要采取多方面和长期的方法才能完全根除或控制。该项目的成果将与政策制定者和学术受众分享。

This project focuses on the practices of gangs in slums, which will soon incorporate a billion people worldwide. Although gangs' primary motivation is a monopoly of violence and the sale of drugs in these areas, many have engaged in various forms of governance over the local populace. This dissertation project will seek to delineate the causes of this variation and trace how and why gangs have engaged in such practices over time. In many slums, the state has been historically absent. In place of the state, gang organizations constitute the major political actors. Some gangs implement responsive systems of law and justice, while others do not. Eradicating or controlling gangs in these contexts requires taking into account the roles they play.This research will involve quantitative analysis of the structural factors that that may explain variations in gang governance, including policing tactics, incursions by rival gangs, strength of civil society, and the electoral value of the slum. The research will also include in-depth qualitative case studies, semi-structured interviews and resident surveys in order to better understand gang governance practices and trace them over time. This project will be able to argue for more explicit links and commonalities between various armed actors as well as clarify the impact of various contextual factors. Furthermore, this project will demonstrate how gangs have responded to changing circumstances over time that will provide a more dynamic account of gang governance. This project has important ramifications for urban public policy in much of the developing world in addition to engaging with important theoretical debates concerning armed groups and their relationships to civilians. Nearly half of the world lives in urban contexts and, soon, more than a billion people worldwide will live in slums and shantytowns. Gangs are present in many of these, and the types of relationships that gangs develop with residents remains the biggest determinant of basic economic welfare, provision of public goods, development of democratic practices and levels of vulnerability to violence and intimidation. Multiple states are actively confronting urban gangs and trafficking organizations and struggling to contain them. The assumption in public policy circles that gang presence and violence will automatically decrease with greater policing and provision of resources is problematic. This proposal suggests gangs are strategic and calculating players that can produce a variety of outcomes and will require a multifaceted and long-term approach in order to fully eradicate or control. The results from this project will be shared with both policymakers and academic audiences.