Market Driven Emissions from Recovered CO2 Industrial Gas

回收二氧化碳工业气体的市场驱动排放

• 批准号: 1235688
• 负责人: Steven Skerlos
• 金额: $ 27.73万
• 依托单位: Regents of the University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2012-08-01 至 2016-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1235688&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Market; Driven; Emissions; Recovered; CO2

ABSTRACT1235688 (Skerlos). The objective of this project is to quantify the net greenhouse gas emissions associated with using carbon dioxide (CO2) as an input to sustainable manufacturing operations. CO2-based processes have been found to serve as excellent substitutes for processes utilizing large quantities of toxic and polluting materials in manufacturing. However, companies considering the on-site use of CO2 face an instant and major increase in "carbon footprint" according to current carbon accounting and life cycle assessment (LCA) methodologies. Current accounting and LCA practices make CO2 use appear unfavorable from a sustainability perspective when the import of CO2 to manufacturing operations can provide clear benefits to the economic, environmental, and social dimensions of sustainability. The intellectual merit of this research will be to advance the field of consequential life cycle assessment (cLCA) to enable estimation of the market driven emissions associated with the recovery and use of CO2 in sustainable manufacturing operations. Current economic allocation methods are inadequate for this purpose. Therefore an economic allocation methodology will be created that encompasses market forces, technology selection, and process substitution options. The cLCA methodology will then be exercised using life cycle modeling to permit an estimation of emissions associated with CO2 capture from various sources (e.g., the production of hydrogen, ammonia, and ethanol) as well as from different modes of transportation (e.g., trucking versus pipeline). Then regional supply burdens associated with the supply of recovered CO2 will be estimated for the entire US. Having addressed the supply-side emissions, the project will then estimate demand-side emissions associated with replacing existing manufacturing technologies with CO2 based technologies. Three case studies will be developed: semiconductor manufacturing, machine cleaning, and metalworking. Putting the regional supply side emissions together with the net demand-side emissions will allow the market driven emissions associated with recovered CO2 to be determined for sustainable manufacturing operations. We will extend the methodology to show how the framework for cLCA created for commodity gases can be extended to other commodity and pseudo-commodity materials (e.g., alloys of aluminum) used in sustainable design and manufacturing applications. The broader impacts of this proposal will include advancements in the general field of cLCA, cLCA education for undergraduate, graduate, and distance learning students at the University of Michigan (UM), cLCA education for LCA students and practitioners world-wide, and the needed development of cLCA graduate student talent in the U.S. UM has recently launched a Program in Sustainable Engineering with a cornerstone undergraduate course in Sustainable Engineering. This course (CEE 265), which teaches approximately 125 students per semester (and growing), already teaches economic and environmental assessment methods and will in future directly teach the cLCA methods developed in this project. Graduate students taking Sustainable Design of Technology Systems (ME 589: approximately 130 students per year) will study the case studies of this project in depth and apply the cLCA methodology in their term projects. In addition to journal and conference publications, a web based portal to cLCA resources will be created that will include at least five 20-minute video short courses and case studies based on this research. As part of the broader impacts of the project, modifications will be proposed to the World Resources Institute and World Business Council for Sustainable Development accounting standards and also a working document will be developed to standardize the cLCA treatment of commodity gases in parallel with existing ISO LCA standards. It is also expected that, by challenging existing LCA and accounting treatments of carbon dioxide, it will be possible to promote the diffusion of CO2-based processes where appropriate as a sustainable manufacturing strategy. The project PI recently led the development of a cLCA methodology for consumer products with market driven design, a methodology that recently attracted national attention via its use to analyze Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards. The development of an analogous cLCA methodology for industrial commodities, using similar economic methods, is a natural extension that can be anticipated to lead to significant research, education, and technology transfer impacts related to sustainable manufacturing and LCA.

摘要1235688（Skerlos）。 该项目的目标是量化与使用二氧化碳（CO2）作为可持续制造业务的投入相关的净温室气体排放量。已经发现，基于CO2的工艺可作为在制造中使用大量有毒和污染材料的工艺的极好替代品。然而，根据目前的碳核算和生命周期评估（LCA）方法，考虑在现场使用二氧化碳的公司面临着“碳足迹”的即时和重大增加。从可持续性的角度来看，当前的会计和LCA实践使CO2的使用显得不利，因为CO2进口到制造业务可以为可持续性的经济，环境和社会方面提供明显的好处。这项研究的智力价值将是推进相应的生命周期评估（cLCA）领域，以估计与可持续制造业务中的CO2回收和使用相关的市场驱动排放。目前的经济分配方法不足以达到这一目的。因此，将创建一个经济分配方法，包括市场力量，技术选择和工艺替代方案。然后将使用生命周期建模来运用cLCA方法，以估计与各种来源的CO2捕获相关的排放量（例如，氢、氨和乙醇的生产）以及从不同的运输模式（例如，卡车运输与管道）。然后，将估计整个美国与回收CO2供应相关的区域供应负担。在解决了供应方的排放问题之后，该项目将估计与用基于二氧化碳的技术取代现有制造技术有关的需求方排放。将开发三个案例研究：半导体制造、机器清洁和金属加工。将区域供应方排放量与净需求方排放量放在一起，将允许确定与回收的CO2相关的市场驱动排放量，以实现可持续的制造业务。我们将扩展该方法，以展示如何将为商品气体创建的cLCA框架扩展到其他商品和伪商品材料（例如，铝合金）用于可持续设计和制造应用。该提案的更广泛影响将包括cLCA一般领域的进步，密歇根大学（UM）本科生、研究生和远程学习学生的cLCA教育，世界各地LCA学生和从业者的cLCA教育，和cLCA研究生人才在美国的发展所需的UM最近推出了可持续工程与基石本科课程，可持续工程。这门课程（CEE 265），每学期教大约125名学生（和增长），已经教经济和环境评估方法，并将在未来直接教cLCA方法在这个项目中开发。研究生采取技术系统的可持续设计（ME 589：每年约130名学生）将深入研究该项目的案例研究，并在他们的学期项目中应用cLCA方法。除了期刊和会议出版物外，还将创建一个基于网络的cLCA资源门户网站，其中将包括至少五个20分钟的视频短片课程和基于本研究的案例研究。作为该项目更广泛影响的一部分，将向世界资源研究所和促进可持续发展世界商业理事会会计准则提出修改建议，并将编写一份工作文件，使商品气体的cLCA处理标准化，与现有的ISO LCA标准并行。还预计，通过对现有的生命周期评估和二氧化碳核算方法提出质疑，将有可能促进酌情推广以二氧化碳为基础的工艺，作为一项可持续的制造战略。 PI项目最近领导了针对具有市场驱动设计的消费品的cLCA方法的开发，该方法最近通过用于分析公司平均燃油经济性标准而引起了全国的关注。使用类似的经济方法，为工业商品开发类似的cLCA方法是一种自然的延伸，可以预期将导致与可持续制造和LCA相关的重大研究，教育和技术转让影响。