Collaborative Research: EaSM2--Linking Near Term Future Changes in Weather and Hydroclimate in Western North America to Adaptation for Ecosystem and Water Management

该项目将从水和生态系统管理需要的角度，审查未来几十年北美洲西部天气和水文气候统计数据的预期变化。 北美西部已经经历了重大的气候和水文气候变化。 模型预测，在未来几十年内，气候变暖将继续，北美西南部和南部平原将变得更加干旱，北方落基山脉和平原将变得更加潮湿。 此外，预计降水量将变得更大，所有时间尺度上的变异性将更强，降水、土壤湿度和流量的季节性周期将发生重大变化。 虽然这些预测的变化将对水资源、农业、牧场、野生动物管理和自然生态系统（包括森林、火灾等）产生严重影响，但必须指出，辐射驱动的水文气候变化模型对数据的模拟与实际变化并不十分雅阁。 这可能是因为模型是错误的，或者辐射驱动的变化被强大的自然变异所掩盖。 这项工作将涉及三项相互交织的努力：1）分析政策和管理决策，以确定生态系统和水资源管理的需求，以及如何将科学转化为满足这些需求，2）评估在决策分析中确定为与管理相关的气候特征的长期变化如何在日常中发挥作用，月到月和年到年的天气和3）水文气候信息的应用问题，在水资源和生态系统管理的季风区和平原的生态系统管理。 由于自然变率和强迫变化的近期气候演变将被考虑，包括风暴的频率和位置的变化，干旱的长度，极端潮湿或干燥的年份，季节性等观测记录和再分析，包括20世纪世纪再分析，将进行分析，以及参与耦合模式相互比较项目5的模式。 长期控制运行和上个千年的模拟将允许对水文气候的自然变异范围进行前所未有的评估，每日数据的存档将允许对气候变化如何影响近期天气进行开创性的评估。 重点地理区域从太平洋沿岸延伸到大平原，从加拿大到墨西哥;研究工作将考虑大规模的气候特征和短期天气，以及这些特征如何在时间和空间上发生变化，影响未来的景观和生态区。

This project will examine anticipated changes in the statistics of weather and hydroclimate over western North America in coming decades from the point of view of needs in the management of water and ecosystems. Western North America is already experiencing significant climate and hydroclimate change. Models project that over the next few decades warming will continue, southwestern North America and the southern Plains will become more arid and the northern Rockies and Plains will become modestly more humid. Additionally precipitation is projected to become more intense, variability on all timescales stronger and significant shifts to occur in the seasonal cycles of precipitation, soil moisture and streamflow. While these projected changes will have serious implications for water resources, agriculture, rangelands, wildlife management and natural ecosystems including forests, fire, etc. it must be noted that the model simulations of radiatively-driven hydroclimate change to data are not in close accord with actual change. This could be because the models are wrong or radiatively-driven change is being obscured by potent natural variability. The work will involve three interwoven efforts: 1) analysis of policy and management decisions to identify needs for ecosystem and water management, and how to translate science to meet those needs, 2) an assessment of how long term changes in those climate features identified as management-relevant in the decision analysis, play out in terms of day-to-day, month-to-month and year-to-year weather and 3) application of hydroclimate information to problems in water resources and ecosystem management in the monsoon region and ecosystem management in the Plains. Evolution of near term climate due to both natural variability and forced change will be considered, including changes in frequencies and locations of storms, lengths of dry spells, extreme wet or dry years, seasonality etc. Observational records and Reanalyses, including the 20th Century Reanalysis, will be analyzed as well as the models participating in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5. Long control runs and last millennium simulations will allow an unprecedented assessment of the range of natural variability of hydroclimate and archiving of daily data will allow a pioneering assessment of how climate change impacts weather in the near term future. The geographic area of focus extends from the Pacific coast to the Great Plains and from Canada into Mexico; the research effort will consider large-scale climate features and short term weather and how these features may shift in time and space, influencing the landscapes and ecoregions of the future.