PIRE: USA/Europe Partnership for Integrated Research and Education in Wind Energy Intermittency: From Wind Farm Turbulence to Economic Management

这项美欧国际研究与教育合作计划（PIRE）将吸引来自10个机构的研究生和本科生、博士后以及教职员工，共同解决在将固有的间歇性风能加入我们的电力系统时出现的紧迫研究问题。合作伙伴包括来自约翰霍普金斯大学、德克萨斯理工大学、史密斯学院和波多黎各大学的美国研究人员。欧洲的国际合作伙伴包括丹麦技术大学和丹麦Risø实验室的风能研究小组、荷兰能源研究中心（ECN）、瑞士洛桑工业大学École、比利时鲁汶天主教大学和西班牙Comillas Pontifical大学。该团队的合作研究工作将与包括精心设计的国际经验在内的培训计划紧密结合。总的来说，目的是共同开发工具，以便更好地了解、描述和管理风力波动的后果。结果应该有助于确定更有效的方法，利用风能作为可持续的，具有成本效益的能源。通过关注统计工具来检查可预测性、多时间尺度以及风波动的时空变异性，美欧团队希望获得关于变异性和间歇性的物理来源（如大气湍流）以及各种风电场参数（如涡轮机间距、方向、地面粗糙度和风力条件）的影响的新的及时知识。为了实现这一目标，将开发计算流体动力学工具，并通过实验室和现场观察进行验证。其次，参数模型运行的结果将用于发展基本的理解，并使用响应面估计、统计多尺度方法和共谱等工具，获得风电场参数函数的变异性的必要统计特征。第三，这些特征将与电网的生产成本和规划模型相结合，以进行验证和进一步发展。PIRE的研究合作伙伴希望这些模型能够帮助确定风电场参数如何影响辅助服务需求，以及如何最有效地利用存储和需求响应。对于更广泛的影响，新的网格建模工具结合了改进的风力发电场输出变化的统计特征，应该有助于优化未来的资源选址和设计。第四，结果将与电力市场和经济影响模型相结合。计量经济学方法和市场数据可用于提出潜在的、新的政策杠杆和市场设计，以支持实际的、具有成本效益的采用可再生的、高度间歇性的能源。pie活动的核心是核心教育、培训和指导组成部分。美国学生参与者将受益于风能、计算机建模、电网、经济管理和经济学等创新课程，其中有几门课程是在国外合作机构开设的。此外，美国学生、教师和博士后定期对欧洲机构和设施进行以研究为重点的实地考察，将有助于获取并确保更快地转移相关技术知识，以提高对风力发电变异性及其管理的当前理解。美国的PIRE项目将在约翰霍普金斯大学环境、能源、可持续发展和健康研究所（E2SHI）的支持下运作，该研究所促进跨学科研究、推广和教育关键的可持续发展问题。此外，该项目将利用德克萨斯理工大学国家风能资源中心、几个行业和国家实验室以及美国大西洋中部、东北部和德克萨斯州的一些公用事业和机构之间的密切联系。这种程度的参与为加快将有希望的成果转化为实践提供了一种直接的手段。该项目由NSF的国际科学与工程办公室（OISE）通过pie资助。

This U.S.-European Partnership for International Research and Education (PIRE) will engage graduate and undergraduate students, post-docs, and faculty from ten institutions to address pressing research questions that arise when adding the inherently intermittent wind-energy source to our power systems. The partnership includes U.S. researchers from Johns Hopkins University, Texas Tech University, Smith College, and the University of Puerto Rico. International partners in Europe include research groups in wind energy at the Danish Technical University and Risø Laboratory in Denmark, the Energy Research Center of the Netherlands (ECN), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in Belgium, and Comillas Pontifical Universidad in Spain. The team's cooperative research efforts will be tightly integrated with a training program that includes carefully designed international experiences. Overall, the intent is to jointly generate tools to better understand, characterize, and manage the consequences of wind power fluctuations. Results should help define more efficient methods for utilizing wind as a sustainable, cost-effective power source. By focusing on statistical tools to examine predictability, multiple time scales, and spatial and temporal variability of wind fluctuations, the US-European team expects to gain new and timely knowledge about the physical sources of variability and intermittency, such as atmospheric turbulence, and about the effects of various wind-farm parameters such as inter-turbine spacing, orientations, ground roughness, and wind conditions. To accomplish this, computational fluid dynamics tools will be developed and validated with laboratory and field observations. Secondly, results from parametric model runs will be used to develop basic understanding and obtain the necessary statistical characterizations of variability as functions of wind-farm parameters, using tools such as response-surface estimation, statistical multi-scale methods, and co-spectra. Thirdly, these characterizations will be coupled to production costing and planning models of the power grid for validation and further development. The PIRE research partners expect these models to help determine how wind farm parameters affect ancillary service requirements and how storage and demand response can be used most effectively. For broader impact, the new grid modeling tools that incorporate improved statistical characterizations of wind-farm output variability should help optimize future resource siting and design. Fourth, results are to be integrated with models of power markets and economic impacts. Econometric methods and market data may be used to propose potential, new policy levers and market designs to support practical, cost-effective adoption of renewable, highly intermittent energy sources. Central to the PIRE activities are core education, training and mentoring components. U.S. student participants will benefit from innovative courses in wind energy, computer modeling, power networks, economic management and economics, several taken abroad at partner institutions. Additionally, periodic research-focused site visits to European institutions and installations by U.S. students, faculty, and post-docs will facilitate access and ensure more rapid transfer of relevant technical knowledge to advance current understanding of wind power variability and its management. The U.S. PIRE project will operate under the aegis of Johns Hopkins University's Environment, Energy, Sustainability and Health Institute (E2SHI), which promotes cross-disciplinary research, outreach, and education for critical sustainability issues. Furthermore, the project will leverage close ties between Texas Tech University's National Wind Resource Center, several industries and national laboratories, as well as a number of utilities and agencies in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic, Northeast and Texas. This level of engagement provides a straight forward means for expediting the translation of promising results into practice. The project is funded by NSF's Office of International Science and Engineering (OISE) through the PIRE.