Dynamics of Orographic Rain Associated with Landfalling Hurricanes over the Central and Southern Appalachian Mountains

研究的目的是：（1）提高对阿巴拉契亚山脉和其他中尺度山脉热带气旋（TC）路径偏转的地形和环境影响动力学的认识;（2）确定与TC相关的地形降水的主要控制参数和湿流场;了解中尺度山区热带气旋降水增强的微物理过程和动力过程的相互作用。为了实现上述目标，使用天气研究和预报模型的研究版本进行理想化和真实情况的数值模拟美国国家大气研究中心（NCAR）开发的WRF第3版将被执行。这项研究将提高对阿巴拉契亚山脉和其他中尺度山脉上地形影响TC轨迹偏转的动力学的基本理解，反过来，将改善降雨分布的预测。 主要控制参数的研究，潮湿的流态，微物理和动力学过程的相互作用与TC在中尺度山脉将有助于改善微物理和行星边界层参数化方案，这反过来又将有助于改善定量降水预报阿巴拉契亚山脉以及其他山区共享类似的环境。 所有这些研究工作都与美国天气研究计划的主要倡议之一相一致。更广泛的影响：对热带气旋通过相关的地形降水的基本了解应导致降水定量预测和洪水水文预测的改进，从而促进对山区附近地区生命和财产的保护。该项目将在北卡罗来纳州AT州立大学教育和培训两名研究生和两名本科生。 该大学的大多数学生来自代表性不足的人群，共同研究员是一名女科学家。参与该项目的学生和教职员工将通过各种科学项目为当地高中教师和学生提供信息。该项目的研究成果将用于编制一门新的研究生课程，填补山区气象学与飓风动力学之间的差距。 通过UCAR的COMET虚拟教育计划提供的课程将试图让大量的学生和科学家受到它的影响。现有的大学-政府和国际合作将得到加强，因为该项目支持的学生将有机会与NCAR，NOAA，台湾和马达加斯加的大气科学家进行互动。

The objectives of the research are to: 1) improve the understanding of dynamics of orographic and environmental influences on tropical cyclone (TC) track deflection over the Appalachians and other mesoscale mountain ranges; 2) determine major control parameters and moist flow regimes for orographic precipitation associated with TCs over mesoscale mountains; and 3) understand the interaction of microphysical and dynamical processes in enhancing precipitation associated with TCs over mesoscale mountains. To accomplish the above objectives, both idealized and real-case numerical simulations using the research version of Weather Research and Forecast model (WRF version 3) developed at National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) will be performed.Intellectual Merit: The research will improve the fundamental understanding of the dynamics of orographic influences on TC track deflection over the Appalachians and other mesoscale mountain ranges, which, in turn, will improve the prediction of rainfall distribution. The studies of major control parameters, moist flow regimes, and interaction of microphysical and dynamical processes associated with TCs over mesoscale mountains will help improve the microphysics and planetary boundary-layer parameterization schemes, which, in turn, will help improve quantitative precipitation forecasts over the Appalachians as well as other mountains that share similar environments. All these research efforts are consistent with one of the major initiatives of the U.S. Weather Research Program.Broader Impacts: A fundamental understanding of heavy orographic precipitation associated with the passage of tropical cyclones should lead to improvements in the quantitative forecasts of precipitation and hydrological prediction of flooding and, thus, advance the protection of life and property in areas near mountains. The project will educate and train two graduate students and two undergraduate students at North Carolina A&T State University. Most of the students in the university come from underrepresented populations and the Co-PI is a female scientist. The students and faculty worked on the project will contribute information to local high-school teachers and students through various science programs. The research results derived from the project will be used to develop a new graduate course that fills the gap between mountain meteorology and hurricane dynamics. Offering of the course through UCAR's COMET virtual education program will be attempted to allow a large number of students and scientists to be impacted by it. Existing University-Government and international collaborations will be strengthened as students supported by the project will have opportunities to interact with atmospheric scientists in NCAR, NOAA, Taiwan, and Madagascar.