Land Use and Chronology and GeoPolitical Processes Among Late Prehistoric Communal Bison Hunters, Montana

蒙大拿州史前晚期集体野牛猎人的土地利用、年代和地缘政治进程

• 批准号: 1266118
• 负责人: Maria Zedeno
• 金额: $ 2.85万
• 依托单位: University of Arizona
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2012-12-01 至 2014-11-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1266118&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Land; Use; Chronology; GeoPolitical; Processes

With National Science Foundation support, Dr. Maria Nieves Zedeño, in partnership with the Blackfeet Tribal Historic Preservation Office, will build a chronology of Late Prehistoric bison driveline systems and kill sites, as well as associated campsites located on the Two Medicine River, Montana. The objective of this chronology is to ascertain whether multiple driveline systems and kill sites were used by interacting generations and, if so, whether the management of these sites and the surrounding environment led to the formation of territories among seasonally mobile communal bison hunters. More broadly, this research will refine the understanding of big-game hunter geopolitics and its material imprint in the landscape prior to the arrival of European goods and people into the northwestern Plains.The sites to be incorporated in the valley-wide chronology were surveyed and mapped by Zedeño and team in 2009-2012 as part of the Kutoyis Archaeological Project, which has been partially funded by NSF (BCS 0918081). The survey produced abundant evidence of planning, construction, and maintenance of fourteen bison driveline systems. These sites are large (9-16 km sq) funnel-like arrangements of surface stone features that connected bison gathering basins to a cliff or "jump." While there is strong empirical evidence that these sites were built under the same template and architectural tradition, it is yet unknown whether their use-span overlapped. The proposed research will (1) obtain optical lumenescence dates from architectural features, (2) obtain radiocarbon dates from bison bone exposures associated with the driveline systems and from hearths and, (3) establish the chronology of two paleo-fire assessment sites in the heart of the survey area, to determine whether fire was used in grassland management at the same time as the bison hunting sites. Hunter-gatherer territories and territoriality are among the most enduring topics in anthropology. The proposed chronology will expand the understanding of land tenure among pedestrian big game hunters, and answer questions about how communal bison hunters maintained continuity of use and occupation of their prime hunting grounds while being away one-half of the year. The spatial and temporal scales that will be used to link diverse archaeological, chronological, and paleo-ecological data have not been previously applied to the late prehistory of this region and thus this project will stand as a conceptual and analytical model to be tested, or contested, in the future. Since its inception, the Kutoyis Archaeological Project has been explicitly committed to placing archaeology at the service of the Blackfeet Tribe so that their traditional knowledge may be complemented and enriched with scientific data. This project will help to establish the antiquity of the Blackfeet's presence in the valley and to assert their rights to protect cultural resources. This project remains committed to providing archaeological training to students, tribal para-archaeologists, and local residents of the Two Medicine Valley and to inspiring Native American youth to select archaeology as their future career.

在国家科学基金会的支持下，Maria Nieves博士Zedeño与Blackfeet部落历史保护办公室合作，将建立一个史前晚期野牛传动系统和杀戮地点的年表，以及位于蒙大拿州Two Medicine River的相关营地。这一年表的目的是确定相互作用的几代人是否使用了多个传动系统和杀戮地点，如果是这样，这些地点和周围环境的管理是否导致了季节性流动的公共野牛猎人之间的领土形成。更广泛地说，这项研究将完善对大型狩猎地缘政治的理解，以及在欧洲货物和人到达西北平原之前，它在景观中的物质印记。作为Kutoyis考古项目的一部分，将被纳入整个山谷年表的遗址由Zedeño和团队在2009-2012年进行了调查和绘制，该项目部分由国家科学基金会资助（BCS 0918081）。这项调查提供了大量关于14个野牛传动系统的规划、建设和维护的证据。这些遗址是大型的（9-16平方公里）漏斗状的表面石头特征，将野牛聚集盆地连接到悬崖或“跳跃”。虽然有强有力的经验证据表明这些遗址是在相同的模板和建筑传统下建造的，但尚不清楚它们的使用范围是否重叠。该研究将(1)从建筑特征中获得光学发光日期；(2)从与传动系统和壁炉相关的野牛骨骼暴露中获得放射性碳日期；(3)建立调查区域中心两个古火灾评估地点的年表，以确定在野牛狩猎地点同时是否使用火灾进行草原管理。狩猎采集者的领地和领地性是人类学中最经久不衰的话题之一。拟议的年表将扩大对步行大型猎物猎人的土地使用权的理解，并回答有关公共野牛猎人如何在一年离开半年的情况下保持对其主要狩猎场的连续性使用和占领的问题。空间和时间尺度将用于连接不同的考古、年代和古生态数据，以前没有应用于该地区的晚期史前史，因此该项目将作为一个概念性和分析性的模型，在未来进行测试，或有争议。Kutoyis考古项目自成立以来，一直明确致力于为黑脚部落提供考古服务，以便他们的传统知识可以得到科学数据的补充和丰富。这个项目将有助于建立黑脚人在山谷中存在的古老历史，并维护他们保护文化资源的权利。该项目仍然致力于为学生、部落准考古学家和双医药谷的当地居民提供考古培训，并鼓励美国土著青年选择考古学作为他们未来的职业。