The Complex Organization of Communal Bison Hunting: Revisiting the Late Prehistory of the Northern Plains

集体野牛狩猎的复杂组织：重温北部平原史前晚期

• 批准号: 0918081
• 负责人: Maria Zedeno
• 金额: $ 19.37万
• 依托单位: University of Arizona
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-09-01 至 2012-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0918081&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Complex; Organization; Communal; Bison; Hunting

This award is funded under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Public Law 111-5).With National Science Foundation support, Dr. Maria Nieves Zedeño and a team of colleagues and Blackfeet collaborators will conduct two seasons of archaeological fieldwork on the US northwestern Plains. Together they will examine the relationships between social investment in communal bison hunting and organizational complexity among Late Prehistoric hunter communities who inhabited the foothills and prairies of the Montana-Alberta border between AD 1050-1660. The centuries preceding the adoption of the horse by North American bison hunters were marked by important technological advances and demographic processes that visibly transformed the physical and social landscapes at various scales. Evidence of landscape engineering at the Late Prehistoric Kutoyis locality in north-central Montana will be explicitly targeted in order to evaluate large-scale bison harvesting and concomitant development of social, political, and ritual structures and practices. The research team will conduct archaeological mapping of domestic and nondomestic structures, excavation of kill and processing features, and a host of paleoenvironmental and geophysical analyses to answer the following questions: (1) Did economic intensification shape the landscape at Kutoyis and how? (2) Is there any evidence of regulatory social action in the architecture of Kutoyis? (3) Was the Kutoyis landscape shaped by integrative mechanisms such as communal rituals? (4) Are the agencies and practices of individuals and groups visible in the material record of bison hunting at Kutoyis? Kutoyis, also known as the Two Medicine Bison Jump Site, is located in the Blackfeet Indian Reservation, Glacier County, Montana. Kutoyis. It consists of a vast complex of rock features and bone scatters extending over 13 km2 on a plateau overlooking the Two Medicine River and in its floodplain. Remote and little known, this is nonetheless one of the largest and most significant Blackfeet heritage sites in the region. The completeness and intricacy of the drive line system, the multiple kill episodes, the existence of a corral / processing component, and the presence of two large campsites with initial evidence of architectural variability and one possible ritual component in close proximity to the kill site, make the Kutoyis locality a strong analytical case for investigating the articulation of social investment, landscape engineering, and material imprints of organizational complexity.This study will provide the opportunity to evaluate and update deeply set models of sociopolitical organization that have characterized archaeological and anthropological approaches to big game hunters in general, and to northern Plains bison hunters in particular. It will integrate diverse archaeological components and data sets, paleoecology, and ethnographic information into a multi-scale landscape approach to bison hunting. Finally, it will furnish a substantial amount of new information to augment current knowledge of northern Plains prehistory. As a collaborative endeavor with the Blackfeet Tribe, the research has great transformative potential: it will incorporate an underrepresented constituency into archaeological research, and will promote archaeological practice that is not only scientifically sound but cognizant and responsive to the traditional knowledge and practices of this constituency. This project will create multi-year research opportunities for undergraduate and graduate students, and a participatory model of archaeological investigation for them to follow.

该奖项是根据2009年美国复苏和再投资法案（公法111-5）资助的。在美国国家科学基金会的支持下，Maria Nieves博士Zedeño和一组同事以及Blackfeet的合作者将在美国西北平原进行两个季节的考古实地调查。他们将共同研究在公元1050-1660年间居住在蒙大拿州和阿尔伯塔省边界的山麓和大草原上的史前晚期猎人社区中，公共野牛狩猎的社会投资与组织复杂性之间的关系。在北美野牛猎人采用马之前的几个世纪里，重要的技术进步和人口统计学进程显著地改变了各种规模的自然和社会景观。蒙大拿州中北部史前晚期Kutoyis地区的景观工程证据将被明确定位，以评估大规模的野牛收获以及随之而来的社会、政治和仪式结构和实践的发展。研究小组将对国内和非国内结构进行考古测绘，挖掘杀戮和加工特征，并进行大量的古环境和地球物理分析，以回答以下问题：(1)经济集约化是否塑造了库图依斯的景观，以及如何塑造？(2)在Kutoyis的架构中是否存在监管社会行动的证据？(3) Kutoyis景观是否受到公共仪式等综合机制的影响？(4)在库托伊斯的野牛狩猎材料记录中，个人和群体的机构和做法是否可见？Kutoyis，也被称为双药野牛跳跃点，位于蒙大拿州冰川县的黑脚印第安人保留区。Kutoyis。它由一个巨大的复杂的岩石特征和分散的骨头组成，延伸超过13平方公里，在高原上俯瞰两梅迪辛河及其洪泛区。尽管偏远且鲜为人知，但这是该地区最大和最重要的黑脚遗址之一。驱动线系统的完整性和复杂性，多个杀戮事件，畜栏/加工组件的存在，以及两个大型营地的存在，这些营地具有建筑可变性的初步证据，一个可能的仪式组件靠近杀戮地点，使Kutoyis地区成为调查社会投资、景观工程和组织复杂性的物质印记的强有力的分析案例。这项研究将为评估和更新社会政治组织的深层模型提供机会，这些模型具有考古学和人类学方法对大型猎物猎人的特点，特别是对北部平原野牛猎人的特点。它将把不同的考古成分和数据集、古生态学和人种学信息整合到一个多尺度的野牛狩猎景观方法中。最后，它将提供大量的新信息，以增加目前对北部平原史前史的了解。作为与黑脚部落的合作，这项研究具有巨大的变革潜力：它将把一个代表性不足的群体纳入考古研究，并将促进考古实践，不仅科学合理，而且认识和响应该群体的传统知识和实践。该项目将为本科生和研究生创造多年的研究机会，并为他们提供一种参与式的考古调查模式。