RAPID: Commuter Adaptation to Transportation Disruption in Hurricane Sandy's Aftermath

这项快速反应研究基金（Rapid）将收集与交通相关的压力和通勤者对交通中断的适应，以及与纽约大都会地区飓风桑迪相关的临时政策和服务变化的重要、易逝的数据。一个团队将通过调查收集不断变化的交通方式、出发时间以及其他与旅行相关的选择和压力水平。这些数据允许测试假设，如：(1)有限的交通可用性和拥挤改变了工作旅行的时间；(2)在更大的拼车（HOV3+）限制下，以前的私家车通勤者更倾向于拼车，而不是乘坐公共交通；(3)女性、年龄较大、收入较低的通勤者比其他人报告更多的交通相关压力；(4)更长的通勤时间和更多的中断天数导致更高的压力水平；(5)低收入、受教育程度较低和非白人人群的通勤中断时间更长。该研究的数据和模型将加强对通勤者对扰乱交通系统、临时交通政策和燃料短缺事件的适应性的理解。其结果将通过允许需求预测来指导未来全面的交通弹性研究。如果没有适当的需求模型，弹性研究依赖于基于判断的需求估计，这可能导致对连通性和容量需求的错误估计。根据低估的估计行事可能会导致旅行者沮丧，延误，并在本已紧张的时间里失去生产力，而高估则会导致过度支出。大多数交通中断分析只关注道路网络，而不是交通和多式联运系统。因此，依赖交通的城市几乎没有经过测试的做法，可以为缓解和恢复计划提供信息。本研究解决了这一差距，并确定了未来事件和其他地点的政策。此外，压力构成了通常无法衡量的中断成本，其研究可以提高对交通中断如何影响认知过程和适应的理解，建议采取公共和私人干预措施来改善公众健康。

This Rapid Response Research Grant (RAPID) will collect important, perishable data on transport-related stress and commuter adaptation to transportation disruptions and temporary policy and service changes related to Hurricane Sandy in the New York Metropolitan area. A team will collect changing transportation modes, departure times, and other travel-related choices and stress levels through a survey. The data allow testing of hypotheses such as (1) delays experienced with limited transit availability and crowding change the timing of work trips; (2) previous personal vehicle commuters are more likely to carpool under greater carpooling (HOV3+) restrictions than to take transit; (3) commuters that are women, older, and lower income report more transport-related stress than others; (4) higher stress levels result from longer commute lengths and more days of disruption; and (5) the timespan of commuting disruption is higher for lower income, less educated, and non-white populations. The study's data and models will enhance understanding of commuter adaptability to events that disrupt the transportation system, temporary transportation policies, and fuel shortages. Its outcomes will guide future, comprehensive transportation resiliency studies by allowing demand predictions. Without appropriate demand models, resilience studies rely on judgment-based demand estimates, which can lead to misestimation of connectivity and capacity needs. Acting according to underestimates can cause traveler frustration, delays, and lost productivity in an already stressful time, while overestimates can lead to excessive expenditures. Most transportation disruption analyses focus exclusively on road networks, rather than transit and multi-modal systems. Thus, transit dependent cities have few tested practices with which to inform mitigation and recovery plans. This study addresses this gap and identifies policies for future events and other locations. Furthermore, stress constitutes a typically unmeasured cost of disruption, and its study can improve understanding of how transportation disruptions influence cognitive processes and adaptation, suggesting both public and private interventions to improve public health.