CAREER: Gliding Flight in Snakes: How Wingless Gliders Produce Force, Maintain Stability, and Maneuver

金鱼属的飞蛇滑行与其他任何动物都不同。没有附属物或膜作为升力产生表面，飞蛇从头到尾变平，并利用身体作为单一的“翅膀”滑行。在空中，蛇在垂直平面上摆动的同时向身体下发行波，这是一种与自然界或工程学世界中发现的任何其他行为都不同的飞行行为。这个项目旨在了解解释飞蛇独特飞行能力的机制。将记录活蛇的滑行，以确定它们详细的身体动作和截面形状，包括了解蛇如何保持稳定和在空中机动的实验。物理和计算模型将被用来理解蛇的形状和不断变化的身体姿势如何有助于产生有利于重量支持和稳定性的空气动力。将开发更多的理论和物理模型来研究在空中产生蛇形运动的要求。这项研究的主题对学生和更广泛的公众来说是一个令人兴奋的主题，拟议的研究还将成为将物理、生物和工程学整合到新的教育规划中的新举措的跳板。飞行的动物群体在生物界取得了巨大的成功，但还没有清晰的图景来解释动力飞行是如何从陆地物种进化而来的。特别是，我们缺乏对物种如何从静态滑翔过渡到主动拍打飞行的理解。滑翔蛇的起伏运动可以被认为是一个不断变形的翅膀，呈现出从被动滑翔到动力飞行的桥梁特征。飞蛇是一种活跃的滑翔机，代表着从滑翔到拍打飞行的唯一功能中间体。因此，了解蛇类滑翔飞行的机制将有助于深入了解一组物种如何成功克服身体上的变力和旋转扭矩造成的生物力学挑战，这与积极拍打飞行有关的类似问题。此外，低雷诺数飞行的空气动力学比大型工程飞行器的飞行动力学受到的关注要少得多，这个项目将阐明具有对称翼型但不对称和动态身体姿势的飞行器如何具有物理优势。具体地说，这条蛇出人意料的空气动力学表现可能源于它能在自己的尾巴上“冲浪”。在摄动和转弯试验中肌肉活动模式的确定将为这种类型的起伏飞行所需的神经肌肉控制系统提供第一个证据。结合起来，这项旨在了解蛇如何滑行的研究将提供跨学科的贡献，并可能导致新型微型飞行器的开发。在蛇中滑翔可能是自然界最壮观的行为之一，并有可能激励新一代学生对STEM领域产生兴趣。该项目利用这种动物的自然吸引力，为教师和公众开发新的教育内容。在飞蛇研究的基础上，将推出两项主要的协同倡议。第一种是创建令人兴奋的、基于网络的多媒体材料，这些材料可以很容易地被不同教育水平的教师改编和使用。新材料将包括与一家专业电视制片人合作开发的信息性视频，该制片人具有为国家地理频道制作节目的多年经验。第二项工作将利用该项目中的研究，在西弗吉尼亚州科学博物馆创建一个新的关于飞蛇的博物馆展览，并得到一名公立学校教师的帮助，帮助将研究转化为教育学。这个展览将被提供给世界各地的博物馆改编，包括整合到芝加哥菲尔德博物馆的一个新的生物力学展览中。除了这些努力的全球影响之外，飞蛇的吸引力将被用作一种机制，通过有针对性地招募和访问传统上服务不足的学生群体的当地大学，招募未被充分代表的学生进入本科生和研究生水平的研究。

Flying snakes of the genus Chrysopelea glide like no other animal. Without appendages or membranes to use as lift-generating surfaces, flying snakes flatten from head to tail and glide using the body as a single "wing". In the air, the snakes simultaneously send traveling waves down the body while oscillating in the vertical plane, a flight behavior unlike any other found in the natural or engineering world. This project aims to understand the mechanisms that explain the unique flight abilities of flying snakes. Gliding in live snakes will be recorded to determine their detailed body movements and sectional shapes, including experiments to understand how snakes remain stable and maneuver in the air. Physical and computational models will be used to understand how the snake's shape and continuously changing body posture contribute to the production of aerodynamic forces for weight support and stability. Additional theoretical and physical models will be developed to investigate the requirements for producing snake-like locomotion in the air. The subject of this study is an exciting topic for students and the broader public, and the proposed research will additionally serve as a springboard for new initiatives that integrate physics, biology, and engineering into novel educational programming. Animal groups that fly have been tremendously successful in the biological world, and yet no clear picture has emerged to explain how powered flight has evolved from terrestrial species. In particular, we lack an understanding of how species have transitioned from static gliding to active flapping flight. The undulating movements of the gliding snake, which can be considered as a continuously morphing wing, present characteristics that bridge from passive gliding to powered flight. The flying snake is an active glider, representing the only functional intermediate across the spectrum of gliding to flapping flight. Understanding the mechanics of gliding flight in snakes will therefore lend insight into how one group of species has successfully overcome the biomechanical challenges resulting from shifting forces and rotational torques on the body, a similar problem associated with active flapping flight. Additionally, the aerodynamics of flight at low Reynolds number has received far less attention than the flight dynamics of larger engineered flyers, and this project will elucidate how a craft with symmetrical airfoil shape, but asymmetrical and dynamic body posture, can be physically advantageous. Specifically, the unexpected aerodynamic performance of the snake may originate in its ability to "surf" on its own wake. The determination of muscle activity patterns during perturbation and turning trials will provide the first evidence of the neuromuscular control system required for this type of undulating flyer. In combination, the proposed research to understand how snakes glide will provide contributions across disciplines and will potentially lead to the development of novel micro-air vehicles. Gliding flight in snakes is perhaps one of the most spectacular behaviors in the natural world, and has the potential to inspire new generations of students to take interest in STEM fields. This project taps into the natural appeal of this animal to develop new educational content for teachers and the public. Two major synergistic initiatives will be launched based on flying snake research. The first creates exciting, web-based multi-media material that can be easily adapted and used by teachers across educational levels. The new material will include informative video developed in collaboration with a professional television producer with years of experience creating programs for the National Geographic Channel. The second effort will use research in this project to create a new museum exhibit on flying snakes at the Science Museum of Western Virginia, with assistance from a public school teacher to help translate research into pedagogy. This exhibit will be offered for adaptation at museums worldwide, including the integration into a new exhibit on biomechanics at the Field Museum in Chicago. In addition to the global reach of these efforts, the appeal of flying snakes will be used as a mechanism to recruit underrepresented students into research at the undergraduate and graduate levels through targeted recruiting and visits to local universities with traditionally underserved student populations.