Collaborative Research: Urban-dependent selection on bird song: proximate and ultimate causes, and evolutionary consequences

城市是大多数生物的新环境；然而，我们对在城市环境中生存的物种的适应性知之甚少。最近对城市环境中声音交流的兴趣激增，突出了鸟类对许多不同城市生活的潜在适应。这些研究提出了关于这种潜在适应的几个基本问题，这些问题在动物交流和配偶选择的研究中具有全球性的应用。该提案将解决以下三个基本问题：(1)鸟类如何调整它们的歌声以适应城市环境？(2)宋代城市化如何影响信号信息？(3)城市歌曲是否具有适应性？为了解决这些问题，本研究将采用行为学、生态学和力学建模方法，利用已建立的NSF行为研究模式生物——白冠麻雀。实现该提案的目标将改变对城市依赖的交配行为选择的理解状态，更广泛地说，将改变物种在城市环境中持续存在的适应性。建议研究的几个方面应会产生广泛的影响：(1)通过社区组织、地方和国家博物馆展览、媒体渠道广泛传播研究成果，并开发以学习者为中心的教学模块；(2)为在科学领域代表性不足的人口统计学群体的学生提供研究机会；(3)开发模拟鸟类鸣叫进化的统计软件包，并举办研讨会，培训科学家、教育工作者和学生使用该软件；(4)与国家公园管理局声音部门合作和共享数据，这将有助于本研究的地方国家公园以及全国国家公园的健全管理计划。

Cities are recent environments for most organisms; yet little is known about the adaptations of species that persist in urban settings. A recent surge of interest in acoustic communication in urban contexts highlights a potential adaptation of birds to life in many different cities. These studies have raised several fundamental questions regarding this potential adaptation, which have global applications to studies of animal communication and mate selection. This proposal will address three of these fundamental questions: (1) how are birds adjusting their song to the urban environment?; (2) how has song urbanization affected signal information?; and (3) are urban songs adaptive? To address these questions, this study will employ behavioral, ecological and mechanistic modeling approaches, using an established NSF model organism for behavioral studies, white-crowned sparrows. Meeting the proposal's objectives will transform the state of understanding of urban-dependent selection on mating behaviors and, more broadly, the adaptations of species that persist in urban environments. There are several aspects of the proposed study that should yield broad impacts: (1) broad dissemination of research results through community organizations, local and national museum displays, media outlets, and development of learner-centered teaching modules, (2) research opportunities for students from demographic groups that are under-represented in the sciences, (3) development of a statistical software package for simulating bird song evolution, and a workshop to train scientists, educators, and students in its use, and (4) collaboration and sharing of data with the National Park Service Sound Division, which will help national parks local to this study as well as national parks nationwide with their sound management plans.