Collaborative Research: Ocean Acidification: microbes as sentinels of adaptive responses to multiple stressors: contrasting estuarine and open ocean environments

合作研究：海洋酸化；微生物作为对多种压力源的适应性反应的哨兵；对比河口和开放海洋环境海洋中的微生物提供基本的生态系统服务，包括初级生产（光合作用）和维持所有高等海洋生物的有机质周转。目前尚不清楚海洋微生物将如何适应海洋酸化（即由于大气中二氧化碳增加而导致海水pH值下降）以及它们的活动将受到多大影响。量化与海洋酸化（OA）相关的多种压力因素（如温度升高）如何与酸度增加相互作用，以表示多种压力因素对海洋微生物群落的影响，这一点也很重要。为了预测OA对海洋生物和渔业的影响，确定可能更容易受到OA影响的海洋区域，并提出应对潜在不利影响的行动模式，提高我们对这些问题的理解至关重要。这个由杜克大学和佐治亚理工学院的研究人员合作的项目将结合海洋学和先进的分子技术来表征微生物群落对与OA相关的多种应激源的适应性反应。特别是，来自河口和沿海生态系统以及开放海洋水域的微生物群落将在酸度或温度增加或两者同时增加的条件下进行培养，并对其活动进行测量和量化。通过整合多种类型的数据，该项目将提供微生物群落对OA的响应和反馈的预测和机制理解，包括基本的生态系统服务。除了为本科生、研究生和博士后提供高级培训外，该研究项目的成果将通过开发交互式博物馆展示和iPAD应用程序，转化为广泛的公共和K-12教育。沿海温带河口的初步时间序列观测数据表明，pH、温度和其他压力因子在多个空间和时间尺度上发生变化，这种变化相对于开阔海域的变化要大。基于这些证据，这项工作的指导假设是，与来自开放海洋的类似微生物相比，沿海生态系统中的微生物更能适应海洋酸化以及多种压力源。为了量化微生物对OA的适应性遗传、生理和生物地球化学反应，该团队的具体目标是：(2)利用培养的海洋模型微生物（如原绿球藻、聚球菌、弧菌）在整个群落中观实验中被鉴定为对应激源有反应的，在单物种水平上对OA的基因组和生理（包括转录）适应性进行了详细的观察。(3)评估模型微生物菌株和中生态实验在预测从纽斯-帕姆利科海峡到马尾藻海的时间动态、温带河口和营养/pH梯度的微生物群落对自然OA变化的响应方面的能力。通过将河口生态系统与开放海洋生态系统进行比较，本研究将评估微生物结构和功能对海洋酸化的敏感性。

Collaborative Research: Ocean Acidification: microbes as sentinels of adaptive responses to multiple stressors: contrasting estuarine and open ocean environmentsMicrobes in the oceans provide essential ecosystem services including primary production (photosynthesis) and organic matter turnover that sustain all higher marine organisms. It remains unclear how marine microorganisms will adapt to the acidification of the oceans (i.e., decrease in seawater pH due to increased atmospheric CO2) and how much their activities will be affected. It is also important to quantify how multiple stressors related to ocean acidification (OA) such as higher temperatures interact with increased acidity to represent the impact of multiple stressors on marine microbial communities. Advancing our understanding of these issues is essential in order to predict the consequences of OA on ocean life and fisheries, identify areas of the ocean that might be more vulnerable to OA, and propose modes of action to counteract potential adverse effects. This collaborative project by Duke University and Georgia Institute of Technology researchers will combine oceanographic and advanced molecular techniques to characterize the adaptive responses of microbial communities to multiple stressors associated with OA. In particular, microbial communities from estuarine and coastal ecosystems as well as open ocean waters will be incubated under conditions of increased acidity or temperature or both, and their activities will be measured and quantified. By integrating multiple types of data, this project will provide a predictive and mechanistic understanding of microbial community responses and feedbacks to OA, including essential ecosystem services. In addition to providing advanced training for undergraduate, graduate and postdoctoral students, results from this research project will be translated to broad public and K-12 education on OA through the development of an interactive museum display and iPAD application.Preliminary data from time-series observations of a coastal temperate estuary shows that pH, temperature and other stressors vary over multiple space and time scales, and this variability is relatively higher than that observed in open ocean waters. Based on this evidence, the guiding hypothesis of this work is that microbes in coastal ecosystems are better adapted to ocean acidification as well as multiple stressors compared to similar microbes from the open ocean. To quantify the adaptive genetic, physiological and biogeochemical responses of microbes to OA, the team's specific goals are to: (1) characterize complex natural microbial community responses to multiple stressors using factorial mesocosm manipulations, (2) assemble a detailed view of genomic and physiological (including transcriptional) adaptations to OA at the single species level using cultured model marine microbes (e.g. Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, Vibrio) identified as responsive to stressors in whole community mesocosm experiments, and (3) assess the power of model microbial strains and mesocosm experiments to predict microbial community responses to natural OA variability in a temporally dynamic, temperate estuary and along a trophic/pH gradient from the Neuse-Pamlico Sound to the Sargasso Sea. By comparing an estuarine ecosystem to its open ocean counterpart, this study will assess the sensitivity of microbial structure and function in response to ocean acidification.