Structures of Long-Term Disaster Recovery: Organizational Roles and Collaboration in Six Cities

长期恢复是灾害中理论化和研究最少的阶段。然而，在过去十年中，卡特里娜飓风（2005年）、丽塔飓风（2005年）、艾克飓风（2008年）和桑迪飓风（2012年）等大型灾害，以及规模较小但仍具有破坏性的灾害，如德克萨斯州（2011年）和科罗拉多州（2013年）的野火、密西西比河洪水（2011年），甚至是技术灾难（2013年，德克萨斯州），都使许多社区在灾后规划、不平等和部分恢复结果以及未能减少灾前脆弱性的恢复工作中挣扎。不断增加的灾害频率和影响意味着更多的社区将陷入困境，往往缺乏当地管理实现可持续和有弹性的恢复的困难过程的经验。本研究侧重于不同社区的灾难恢复，以建立知识库和最佳实践，帮助其他社区为灾难恢复做好准备和计划。这项研究的结果将支持地方政府和非政府组织制定恢复框架和计划的努力，这些框架和计划将加快灾难恢复并提高财政效率。为了实现这些目标，本研究项目涉及对六个最近经历灾难的不同社区中参与灾难恢复工作的团体和组织的结构和网络进行深入研究和广泛的比较分析：德克萨斯州格兰伯里（2013年，龙卷风），德克萨斯州西部（2013年，工业设施爆炸），德克萨斯州马里昂县（2011年，野火），德克萨斯州巴斯特罗普县（2011年，野火），德克萨斯州加尔维斯顿（2008年，飓风艾克），德克萨斯州布朗斯维尔（2008年，飓风多莉）。政府和非政府组织在恢复过程中的合作很重要，但人们很少了解哪种类型的合作对恢复工作最有效。大多数与灾害有关的组织协作研究侧重于应对和应急管理机构，而不是致力于灾后两至十年长期恢复的慈善机构和社区组织。对于每个个案地点，研究人员将与组织领导人进行面对面访谈，观察恢复委员会和社区会议，记录恢复事件，并分析社区重建和恢复。这种方法将提供丰富的信息，使团队能够比较和对比不同案例中使用的实践，并开发灾难恢复组织网络的模型。这些数据将使研究人员能够评估灾难恢复中的组织协调，并描述各级政府（地方、地区、州和国家）之间的相互作用。根据项目成果，研究人员将确定有希望的做法和吸取的经验教训，可供从事灾前或灾后恢复规划的其他社区利用。

Long-term recovery is the least theorized and studied stage of disasters. Yet, in the past decade, large disasters such as Hurricanes Katrina (2005), Rita (2005), Ike (2008), and Sandy (2012), and smaller but still destructive disasters such as wildfires in Texas (2011) and Colorado (2013), flooding of the Mississippi River (2011), and even technological disasters (West, TX 2013) have left numerous communities struggling with post-disaster planning, unequal and partial recovery outcomes, and recovery efforts that fail to reduce pre-disaster vulnerabilities. Increasing disaster frequencies and impacts mean more communities will struggle, often with little local experience in managing the difficult processes of achieving sustainable and resilient recovery. This research focuses on disaster recovery across different communities to build the knowledge-base and best practices that will help other communities prepare for and plan for disaster recovery. The results of this research will support efforts by local governments and nongovernmental organizations to develop recovery frameworks and plans that will speed disaster recovery and improve fiscal efficiency.To accomplish these goals, this research project involves in-depth study and extensive comparative analysis of the structures and networks of groups and organizations involved in disaster recovery efforts across six different communities that recently experienced disasters: Granbury, Texas (2013, tornado), West, Texas (2013, industrial facility explosion), Marion County, Texas (2011, wildfire), Bastrop County, Texas (2011, wildfire), Galveston, Texas (2008, Hurricane Ike), Brownsville, Texas (2008, Hurricane Dolly). Governmental and nongovernmental collaboration during recovery is important, yet which types of collaboration work best for recovery are little understood. Most disaster-related studies on organizational collaboration focus on response and emergency management agencies not on charities and community organizations that work on long-term recovery for two to ten years following a disaster. For each of the case locations, the researchers will conduct in-person interviews with organizational leaders, observe recovery committee and community meetings, document recovery events, and analyze community reconstruction and rehabilitation. This approach will provide rich information that will enable the team to compare and contrast the practices used in the different cases and develop a model of disaster recovery organizational networks. This data will allow the researchers to evaluate the organizational coordination in disaster recovery and describe interactions between various levels of government (local, regional, state, and national). Based on the project outcomes, the researchers will identify promising practices and lessons learned which can be utilized by other communities that are engaged in pre-disaster or post-disaster recovery planning.