Collaborative Research: Bidirectional Effects Between Parental Work-Family Conflict and Adolescent Psychosocial Adjustment

青少年的父母往往感到难以在工作中履行义务，同时又照顾家庭事务。由于这种工作与家庭的冲突，父母可能会在工作中士气低落，压力和抑郁，所有这些都对他们的工作投入和生产力产生深远的影响。工作和家庭之间的这种紧张关系也可能对家庭环境产生潜在影响，包括对家庭中青少年儿童的思维、感受和行为产生负面影响。然而，我们对这些影响知之甚少，也不知道消极的家庭环境是否会对工作中的父母产生类似的负面影响。我们的项目旨在研究工作-家庭冲突及其对家庭环境的影响（反之亦然），使用受控实验室方法，以及允许在实验室之外的“现实生活”中研究这些因素的方法。通过了解工作-家庭冲突和家庭环境相互影响的方式，我们可以更好地了解如何改善工作和家庭领域的功能，从而提高父母的工作参与度和生产力。 美国的许多员工在工作和家庭中都有很高的履行义务的要求（Galinsky等人，2009年）。来自工作和家庭的压力增加的不相容性被称为工作-家庭冲突（Greenhaus Beutell，1985），高水平的工作使员工面临更多的工作和心理社会后果的风险（例如，工作不满意、离职率、抑郁;艾伦，2012）。此外，由于儿童保育在家庭领域提出了要求（比安奇·米尔基，2010年），雇员的子女是工作与家庭界面的重要利益攸关方。但是，员工的作用？儿童在吸收影响或成为工作与家庭冲突的根源方面很少受到关注。这些问题在有青少年的家庭中尤其需要解决。具体而言，工作-家庭冲突造成的情况是，父母没有多少资源或时间来监测其青少年的行踪和活动，这可能使青少年面临不良心理社会后果的高风险（Smetana，2008年）。事实上，相对于年幼的孩子，青少年更容易表现出问题行为（例如，抑郁症和药物滥用），增加了父母与青少年的冲突，这可能会影响父母的时间和精力在工作上。因此，我们建议解决的研究问题，在家庭中有青春期的孩子。具体来说，我们提出了两项研究，测试中介模型的两个方向，由生活压力的溢出假设（斯泰内斯，1980）。基于先前的工作表明，父母-青少年冲突与儿童的心理社会适应存在相互关系（Burt等人，2005），我们认为工作-家庭冲突与青少年心理社会适应不良之间的交互关系是由父母-青少年冲突所介导的。此外，我们的团队成员不仅在不同的社会科学学科的培训，而且还不同的研究环境。因此，我们提出了两项研究，测试模型在现场和实验室设置，允许每个研究的优势，以解决其他研究的局限性。首先，我们将测试两个方向的上述调解模式使用日常日记，完成由父母和青少年，进行了为期两周的时间来衡量工作-家庭冲突，父母-青少年冲突，父母的工作功能，和青少年的心理社会功能。其次，我们将使用实验室设计来测试相同的理论模型。具体来说，我们将招募一对家庭，一个全职工作的父母和一个青少年的实验室研究。我们将随机分配每个全职工作的父母和青少年的二人组的三个水平的自变量之一：（a）任务诱导的父母的工作压力和低压力条件的青少年，（B）任务诱导的青少年心理社会压力和低压力条件的父母，和（c）父母和青少年都分配到一个低压力条件。接下来，我们将执行一项旨在反映父母-青少年冲突的受控任务（即，中介变量），我们将客观地评估父母和青少年的生理灵活性（即，情绪失调的指数）。然后，我们将管理基于性能的任务，父母的工作功能和青少年的心理社会功能，以测试的影响，父母与青少年的冲突对这些领域，以及跨域，间接影响的父母的工作压力和青少年的心理社会压力。拟议中的项目有望提高我们对父母之间溢出效应的基本理解？工作经验和非工作家庭生活。

Parents of adolescents often feel like it is hard to carry out their obligations at work, while at the same time attending to matters at home. As a result of this work-family conflict, a parent may experience low morale at work, stress, and depression, all of which have profound effects on their work engagement and productivity. Such tension between work and family may potentially impact the home environment as well, including negative effects on how adolescent children in the family think, feel, and behave. However, we know little about these effects, and also whether a negative home environment may have similarly negative effects on parents at work. Our project seeks to study work-family conflict and its effects on the home environment (and vice versa) using controlled laboratory methods, and methods that allow for the study of these factors in "real-life" outside of the laboratory. By understanding the ways in which work-family conflict and the home environment influence each other, we may gain a better understanding of how to improve functioning in both work and home domain, and thus increase parents' work engagement and productivity. Many employees in the U.S. experience high demands to fulfill obligations both at work and at home (Galinsky et al. 2009). The incompatibility of heightened pressure from both work and home is referred to as work-family conflict (Greenhaus & Beutell, 1985), high levels of which place employees at increased risk for a host of poor work and psychosocial outcomes (e.g., job dissatisfaction, turnover, depression; Allen, 2012). Moreover, to the extent that child care poses demands in the family domain (Bianchi & Milkie, 2010), the children of employees are important stakeholders in the work-family interface. Yet, the role of employees? children in absorbing the impact or being a source of work-family conflict has received scant attention. Such issues are particularly important to address in families with adolescents. Specifically, work-family conflict creates contexts in which parents have fewer resources or time to monitor their adolescents' whereabouts and activities, likely placing adolescents at high risk for poor psychosocial outcomes (Smetana, 2008). In fact, relative to younger children, adolescents are more likely to display problem behaviors (e.g., depression and substance abuse) that increase parent-adolescent conflict, which may affect parents' time and energy at work. Thus, we propose to address research questions within families who have adolescent children. Specifically, we propose two studies that test both directions of a mediation model informed by the spillover hypothesis of life stressors (Staines, 1980). Based on prior work indicating that parent-adolescent conflict evidences reciprocal relations with children's psychosocial adjustment (Burt et al., 2005), we propose that the reciprocal relations between work-family conflict and adolescent psychosocial maladjustment are mediated by parent-adolescent conflict. Further, our team members have training in not only diverse social science disciplines, but also diverse research settings. Accordingly, we propose two studies that test the model described previously in both field and laboratory settings, allowing each study's strengths to address the limitations of the other study. First, we will test both directions of the above-mentioned mediation model using daily diaries, completed by both parents and adolescents, conducted over a two-week period to measure work-family conflict, parent-adolescent conflict, parental work functioning, and adolescent psychosocial functioning. Second, we will test the same theoretical model using a laboratory design. Specifically, we will recruit family dyads with one full-time working parent and one adolescent for a laboratory study. We will randomly assign each full-time working parent and adolescent dyad to one of three levels of the independent variable: (a) task induction of parental work stress and a low-stress condition for the adolescent, (b) task induction of adolescent psychosocial stress and a low-stress condition for the parent, and (c) both parent and adolescent assigned to a low-stress condition. Next, we will administer a controlled task meant to reflect parent-adolescent conflict (i.e., mediator variable), and we will objectively assess parent and adolescent physiological flexibility (i.e., an index of emotional dysregulation) during this task. We then will administer performance-based tasks of parental work functioning and adolescent psychosocial functioning to test the impact of parent-adolescent conflict on these domains, as well as the cross-domain, indirect impacts of parental work stress and adolescent psychosocial stress. The proposed project promises to improve our basic understanding of the spillover between parents? work experiences and non-work family life.