Collaborative Research: Bidirectional Effects Between Parental Work-Family Conflict and Adolescent Psychosocial Adjustment

青少年的父母经常感到很难在工作中履行他们的义务，同时照顾家庭事务。由于这种工作与家庭的冲突，父母可能会在工作中士气低落，压力和抑郁，所有这些都对他们的工作投入和生产力产生了深远的影响。这种工作和家庭之间的紧张关系也可能潜在地影响家庭环境，包括对家庭中青春期孩子的想法、感受和行为产生负面影响。然而，我们对这些影响知之甚少，也不知道消极的家庭环境是否会对工作中的父母产生类似的负面影响。我们的项目旨在研究工作-家庭冲突及其对家庭环境的影响（反之亦然），使用受控的实验室方法，以及允许在实验室之外的“现实生活”中研究这些因素的方法。通过了解工作-家庭冲突和家庭环境相互影响的方式，我们可以更好地了解如何改善工作和家庭领域的功能，从而提高父母的工作投入和生产力。在美国，许多员工在工作和家庭中都有很高的履行义务的要求（Galinsky et al. 2009）。来自工作和家庭的压力增加的不相容被称为工作-家庭冲突（Greenhaus & Beutell, 1985），这种冲突的高水平使员工面临大量不良工作和心理社会结果的风险增加（例如，工作不满，离职，抑郁；Allen, 2012）。此外，在某种程度上，儿童保育对家庭领域提出了要求（Bianchi & Milkie, 2010），员工的子女是工作家庭界面的重要利益相关者。然而，员工的角色呢？儿童在吸收影响或成为工作与家庭冲突的根源方面受到的关注很少。在有青少年的家庭中处理这些问题尤其重要。具体来说，工作-家庭冲突造成了这样一种情况，即父母没有多少资源或时间来监控青少年的行踪和活动，这可能使青少年处于不良心理社会结果的高风险中（Smetana, 2008）。事实上，与年幼的孩子相比，青少年更容易表现出问题行为（例如，抑郁和药物滥用），从而增加父母与青少年之间的冲突，这可能会影响父母在工作上的时间和精力。因此，我们建议在有青春期儿童的家庭中解决研究问题。具体而言，我们提出了两项研究，以生活压力源溢出假设为依据，对中介模型的两个方向进行检验（Staines, 1980）。基于先前的研究表明父母-青少年冲突与儿童心理社会适应之间存在相互关系（Burt et al., 2005），我们提出工作-家庭冲突与青少年心理社会适应不良之间的相互关系是由父母-青少年冲突介导的。此外，我们的团队成员不仅接受过不同社会科学学科的培训，而且还接受过不同研究背景的培训。因此，我们提出了两项研究，在现场和实验室环境中测试前面描述的模型，允许每个研究的优势来解决其他研究的局限性。首先，我们将使用由父母和青少年完成的为期两周的日常日记来测试上述中介模型的两个方向，以测量工作-家庭冲突、父母-青少年冲突、父母工作功能和青少年心理社会功能。其次，我们将使用实验室设计测试相同的理论模型。具体来说，我们将招募一名全职工作的父母和一名青少年的家庭二人组进行实验室研究。我们将随机将每个全职工作的父母和青少年二人组分配到自变量的三个水平中的一个：(a)父母工作压力的任务诱导和青少年的低压力条件，(b)青少年心理社会压力的任务诱导和父母的低压力条件，以及(c)父母和青少年都分配到低压力条件。接下来，我们将执行一项旨在反映父母-青少年冲突（即中介变量）的控制任务，并在此任务中客观评估父母和青少年的生理灵活性（即情绪失调指数）。然后，我们将管理父母工作功能和青少年心理社会功能的绩效任务，以测试父母-青少年冲突对这些领域的影响，以及父母工作压力和青少年心理社会压力的跨领域间接影响。拟议的项目有望提高我们对父母之间溢出效应的基本理解。工作经历和非工作家庭生活。

Parents of adolescents often feel like it is hard to carry out their obligations at work, while at the same time attending to matters at home. As a result of this work-family conflict, a parent may experience low morale at work, stress, and depression, all of which have profound effects on their work engagement and productivity. Such tension between work and family may potentially impact the home environment as well, including negative effects on how adolescent children in the family think, feel, and behave. However, we know little about these effects, and also whether a negative home environment may have similarly negative effects on parents at work. Our project seeks to study work-family conflict and its effects on the home environment (and vice versa) using controlled laboratory methods, and methods that allow for the study of these factors in "real-life" outside of the laboratory. By understanding the ways in which work-family conflict and the home environment influence each other, we may gain a better understanding of how to improve functioning in both work and home domain, and thus increase parents' work engagement and productivity. Many employees in the U.S. experience high demands to fulfill obligations both at work and at home (Galinsky et al. 2009). The incompatibility of heightened pressure from both work and home is referred to as work-family conflict (Greenhaus & Beutell, 1985), high levels of which place employees at increased risk for a host of poor work and psychosocial outcomes (e.g., job dissatisfaction, turnover, depression; Allen, 2012). Moreover, to the extent that child care poses demands in the family domain (Bianchi & Milkie, 2010), the children of employees are important stakeholders in the work-family interface. Yet, the role of employees? children in absorbing the impact or being a source of work-family conflict has received scant attention. Such issues are particularly important to address in families with adolescents. Specifically, work-family conflict creates contexts in which parents have fewer resources or time to monitor their adolescents' whereabouts and activities, likely placing adolescents at high risk for poor psychosocial outcomes (Smetana, 2008). In fact, relative to younger children, adolescents are more likely to display problem behaviors (e.g., depression and substance abuse) that increase parent-adolescent conflict, which may affect parents' time and energy at work. Thus, we propose to address research questions within families who have adolescent children. Specifically, we propose two studies that test both directions of a mediation model informed by the spillover hypothesis of life stressors (Staines, 1980). Based on prior work indicating that parent-adolescent conflict evidences reciprocal relations with children's psychosocial adjustment (Burt et al., 2005), we propose that the reciprocal relations between work-family conflict and adolescent psychosocial maladjustment are mediated by parent-adolescent conflict. Further, our team members have training in not only diverse social science disciplines, but also diverse research settings. Accordingly, we propose two studies that test the model described previously in both field and laboratory settings, allowing each study's strengths to address the limitations of the other study. First, we will test both directions of the above-mentioned mediation model using daily diaries, completed by both parents and adolescents, conducted over a two-week period to measure work-family conflict, parent-adolescent conflict, parental work functioning, and adolescent psychosocial functioning. Second, we will test the same theoretical model using a laboratory design. Specifically, we will recruit family dyads with one full-time working parent and one adolescent for a laboratory study. We will randomly assign each full-time working parent and adolescent dyad to one of three levels of the independent variable: (a) task induction of parental work stress and a low-stress condition for the adolescent, (b) task induction of adolescent psychosocial stress and a low-stress condition for the parent, and (c) both parent and adolescent assigned to a low-stress condition. Next, we will administer a controlled task meant to reflect parent-adolescent conflict (i.e., mediator variable), and we will objectively assess parent and adolescent physiological flexibility (i.e., an index of emotional dysregulation) during this task. We then will administer performance-based tasks of parental work functioning and adolescent psychosocial functioning to test the impact of parent-adolescent conflict on these domains, as well as the cross-domain, indirect impacts of parental work stress and adolescent psychosocial stress. The proposed project promises to improve our basic understanding of the spillover between parents? work experiences and non-work family life.