Meeting: Reconciling Methodological Discrepancies in the Measurement of Hydraulic Vulnerability to Embolism: August 13-21, 2016 Berkeley, CA & August 6-11, 2017 Portland, OR

本次研讨会讨论了植物水力学中一个紧迫而基本的主题，即我们如何准确地测量液压栓塞的脆弱性。植物水力学领域越来越多地被用于将植物功能与气候变化联系起来，植物水力学数据对于改进基于过程的植物和生态系统对气候变化的响应模型至关重要。目前的差异不是微不足道的，并且通过拒绝手稿，未提交或未资助的拨款提案，以及避免利用植物水力测量的开创性研究，阻碍了植物水力。最重要的是，这次研讨会将允许对未来研究的解释不陷入关于方法论的争论，而是考虑它们对学科的科学价值。除了推进科学方法外，本次研讨会将培训5名博士后研究员和8名学生（研究生和本科生），学习五种常用的植物水力测量方法的最佳实践，从而提高未来涉及植物水力测量的科学产出。此外，本次研讨会将允许来自许多不同背景的研究人员进行合作，其中包括来自五个不同国家的至少9名女性和个人。植物水力学，研究植物如何移动和管理水，已经成为一个宝贵的科学领域，已经被用来解决跨空间尺度和生物学科的关键问题。特别是，方法的进步使科学家能够在实验室中有效地推导出水力脆弱性曲线，这大大提高了我们对植物功能的理解。尽管方法学取得了这些进步，但最近的一些出版物（如Choat等人2010年，Cochard等人2013年，Jansen等人2015年）表明，一些最常用的测量方法给出了不同的结果，因此该学科目前面临着调和这些差异的挑战。由于这些关于方法的相互矛盾的报告，科学界正处于一个机会主义的时刻，通过集中和包容性的研究解决所有当前的方法来克服这些挑战。本次研讨会将使用五种方法来开发跨越木材解剖的物种的脆弱性曲线，包括以前根据使用的方法显示不同结果的物种。该方法将允许解决解剖差异对需要切除植物材料的四种方法之间差异的影响，并将这些结果与使用高分辨率计算机断层扫描（HRC）的活植物成像联系起来。具体来说，本次研讨会将利用台式脱水、空气注入、静态离心机和声发射结合HRCT成像对四个物种的完整植物样本进行水力脆弱性曲线的开发，以就这些差异和未来研究方法的最佳实践达成共识。

This workshop addresses a pressing and fundamental topic in plant hydraulics, how we accurately measure hydraulic vulnerability to embolism. The field of plant hydraulics has become increasingly invoked to link plant functioning with changes in climate and plant hydraulics data is critical for improving process-based models of plant and ecosystem responses to climate change. The current discrepancies are not trivial and have hindered plant hydraulics through declined manuscripts, unsubmitted or unfunded grant proposals, and an avoidance of groundbreaking research that utilizes plant hydraulic measurements. Most importantly, this workshop will allow the interpretation of future studies to not be mired in debate about methodology but instead be considered for their scientific value to the discipline. In addition to advancing scientific methodology, this workshop will train up to 5 postdoctoral researchers and 8 students (graduate and undergraduate) in the best practices for five frequently used methods to measure plant hydraulics thus improving future scientific outputs that involve plant hydraulic measurements. Additionally, this workshop will allow for collaboration of researchers who come from many diverse backgrounds, including at least 9 women and individuals from five different countries. Plant hydraulics, the study of how plants move and manage water, has become an invaluable realm of science that has been invoked to address critical questions across spatial scales and biological disciplines. Particularly, advances in methodologies that allow scientists to efficiently derive hydraulic vulnerability curves in the laboratory have greatly advanced our understanding of plant functioning. Despite these methodological advances, several recent publications (e.g. Choat et al. 2010, Cochard et al. 2013, Jansen et al. 2015) have suggested that some of the most commonly used measurement methods give varying results, and thus the discipline is currently challenged with reconciling these differences. Due to these conflicting reports about methodologies, the scientific community is at an opportunistic moment to advance past these challenges by addressing all current methodologies in a focused and inclusive study. This workshop will use five methods to develop vulnerability curves on species that span wood anatomy and include species that have previously shown varying results depending on the method used. This methodology will allow for resolution of the influence of anatomical differences on discrepancies across the four methods requiring excised plant material and link these results to imaging of live plants using high-resolution computed tomography (HRC. Specifically this workshop will develop hydraulic vulnerability curves using bench dehydration, air injection, static centrifuge, and acoustic emission coupled with HRCT imaging on intact plant samples of four species to come to a consensus about these discrepancies and best practices for future research methods.