Unraveling the Unique Properties of Transient Discharges in Bubbles and Liquid Water

这个项目的重点是了解等离子体与液体相互作用时活性物质的产生。与液体接触的等离子体是等离子体科学中最令人兴奋和最重要的前沿领域之一，具有广泛的潜在应用，从环境修复和绿色化学到生物医学应用。等离子体与液体的复杂相互作用提供了丰富的短暂化学反应物种的来源，其中许多对化学和生物应用至关重要。等离子体通常被认为是一种用于废水处理的高级氧化技术，在销毁饮用水中的药物方面也有很大的前景。供水中这些药物的存在日益引起公众的关注，在一些情况下，没有替代技术可以将它们从饮用水中去除。此外，液体中的等离子体可以用于环境友好的过氧化氢、氢气甚至纳米颗粒的化学合成。以比电解或其他化学过程更高的能源效率从水中生产氢气和过氧化氢将是向前迈出的重要一步。在先进材料科学的背景下，纳米颗粒也可能对越来越多地使用复杂纳米结构材料的能源研究产生强烈影响。由于能量效率往往是等离子体在液体中应用的瓶颈，因此更好地了解这些等离子体中活性物种的产生是导致基于液体中等离子体的技术突破的必要步骤。到目前为止，由于缺乏等离子体性质与等离子体诱导的液相化学之间的定量关联，液体中等离子体领域的进展一直受到阻碍。该项目的核心思想是在液态水中通过纳秒脉冲高压电源在针针电极几何结构中产生非平衡等离子体细丝。这提供了对等离子体动力学的极佳控制，并允许对稳定的等离子体细丝进行详细研究。通过结合先进的激光诊断技术，将在时间和空间上研究短暂的反应物种的产生机制。此外，还将测量等离子体诱导的液体反应性，并将在等离子体化学和液态化学之间建立直接联系。如上所述，这有望带来优化和建立许多有前景的应用程序所需的知识。该项目使教育的学生和博士后研究人员在跨学科领域的等离子工程。这项工作的成果将被用来扩展现有的等离子体技术研究生课程，以涵盖非平衡液态等离子体，包括实验室演示。在该项目的框架内，将开始与明尼苏达州科学博物馆合作，建立一个关于等离子体的展览。

This project is focused on the understanding of the production of reactive species when plasmas interact with liquids. Plasmas in and in contact with liquids are one of the most exciting and important intellectual frontiers in plasma science, with broad potential applications ranging from environmental remediation and green chemistry to biomedical applications. The complex interaction of plasmas with liquids offers a rich source of short-lived chemically reactive species, many of which are critical for chemical and biological applications. Plasmas are often considered to be an advanced oxidation technology for liquid waste treatment and also have great promise in the destruction of pharmaceuticals in drinking water. The presence of these pharmaceuticals in the water supply is an increasing public concern and for several cases no alternative technologies exist to remove them from drinking water. In addition, plasmas in liquids can be used for environmentally friendly chemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen and even nanoparticles. Producing hydrogen and hydrogen peroxide from water with better energy efficiency than electrolysis or other chemical processes would be a major step forward. The nanoparticles in the context of advanced material science could also strongly affect energy research that increasingly uses complex nanostructured materials. Since energy efficiency is often a bottleneck for applications of plasmas in liquids, a better understanding of the reactive species production in these plasmas is the necessary step to lead to a breakthrough in technologies based on plasmas in liquids. To date, progress in the field of plasmas in liquids has been hindered by the lack of quantitative correlations between plasma properties and the plasma induced liquid phase chemistry. The key idea of this project is to generate a non-equilibrium plasma filament in liquid water by a nanosecond pulsed high voltage supply in a needle-needle electrode geometry. This offers an excellent control of the plasma dynamics and allows detailed investigation of a stabilized plasma filament. The short-lived reactive species production mechanisms will be investigated both temporally and spatially resolved by a combination of advanced laser diagnostics. In addition, plasma induced liquid reactivity will be measured and a direct link between plasma chemistry and liquid phase chemistry will be established. This is expected to lead to the necessary knowledge for optimizing and establishing many promising applications as stated above. This project enables education of students and a post-doctoral researcher in the cross-disciplinary field of plasma engineering. The outcomes of this work will be used to extend an existing graduate course on Plasma Technology to cover non-equilibrium liquid phase plasmas including laboratory demonstrations. Within the framework of the project, collaboration with the Science Museum of Minnesota will be initiated to establish an exhibit about plasmas.