UNS: Environmental Impacts of Using Distributed Energy Storage for Power System Reserves

[1510788]该项目的目的是调查使用分布式能源存储（DES）作为电力系统储备的环境影响，并制定运营策略以减轻系统的环境负担。随着越来越多的可再生能源被纳入电力系统，需要额外的储备来确保系统的功能和可靠性。DES是提供这种储备的有希望的发电机替代品，因为一般来说，这些资源比传统发电厂反应更快，成本也越来越具有竞争力。由于其在运行过程中的低排放，人们通常认为DES系统可以减少对环境的影响。然而，由于电力系统的复杂性，在某些系统配置、发电组合和储备要求下，使用DES可能会导致负面结果。因此，对保护区引进DES的环境影响进行全面评价是十分重要的。利用生命周期评估（LCA），研究人员将调查提供DES储备对环境的全面影响，此外，他们将开发一种简化形式的LCA，可以向电力系统运营商提供环境影响的实时反馈。这项工作将推动工业生态和电力系统领域的发展。为了评估使用DES作为电力系统储备的环境影响，LCA将与最优潮流（OPF）方法相结合。虽然化石燃料燃烧预计将成为生命周期环境影响的主要因素，但使用DES的短产品寿命和操作影响表明了上游和下游影响的重要性，以及对LCA的需求，以强有力地确定环境绩效。这项工作的一个关键贡献是应用模型简化技术来开发简化形式的lca，以便可以实时计算近似影响并在OPF中使用。这些支持将LCA用于主动反馈响应的方法可以很容易地用于其他系统，如运输和水处理。该项目还通过将生命周期的环境影响纳入目标函数和/或限制因素中，促进了OPF问题的制定。这将帮助我们了解系统运行成本和环境效益之间的权衡，为系统运营商和决策者提供信息。该项目将通过定制方法来为系统操作提供主动反馈，从而提高LCA的实用性。本研究的结果将确定运营策略，以改善发电的环境结果，并为公共政策提供信息，从战略上消除参与DES的障碍。该项目还将通过让本科生参与研究活动和为K-12学生开发适合年龄的教育活动，产生教育影响。该团队将开发一份由密歇根大学可持续系统中心分发的关于DES的概况介绍，作为学生、研究人员和政策制定者免费获得的公共资源。该项目还将支持两个模块的开发，以整合到环境专业学生和电气工程师的课程中。

1510788Johnson, JeremiahThe objective of this project is to investigate the environmental impacts of using distributed energy storage (DES) for power system reserves and to develop operational strategies to mitigate the environmental burdens of the system. As more renewable energy sources are integrated into the power system, additional reserves are required to ensure the functionality and reliability of the system. DES is a promising alternative to generators for providing such reserves because, in general, these resources are more responsive than conventional power plants and costs are increasingly competitive. Due to their low emissions during operation, DES systems are often assumed to reduce environmental impacts. However, due to the complex nature of the power system, the use of DES may lead to negative outcomes under certain system configurations, generation mixes, and reserve requirements. Thus, it is important to thoroughly evaluate the environmental impacts of introducing DES for reserves. Using life cycle assessment (LCA), the researchers will investigate the full environmental impact of providing reserves with DES. Additionally, they will develop a reduced-form LCA that can provide real-time feedback on environmental impacts to power system operators. This work will advance the fields of industrial ecology and power systems. To evaluate the environmental impact of using DES for power system reserves, LCA will be coupled to optimal power flow (OPF) methods. While fossil fuel combustion is expected to be a major contributor to life cycle environmental impacts, the short product lifetime and operational impacts of using DES demonstrate the importance of upstream and downstream impacts and the need for LCA to robustly determine environmental performance. A key contribution of this work is the application of model reduction techniques to develop reduced-form LCAs so that approximate impacts can be calculated in real-time and used within the OPF. These methods which support the use of LCA for active feedback response could be readily tailored for use in other systems such as transportation and water treatment. This project also advances the formulation of the OPF problem by incorporating life cycle environmental impacts into the objective function and/or constraints. This will help us understand the tradeoff between system operation costs and environmental benefits, informing system operators and policy makers. This project will advance the utility of LCA by tailoring the method to provide active feedback to systems operations. The results of this study will identify operational strategies that improve environmental outcomes for power generation and inform public policies that strategically remove of barriers to participation for DES. This project will also yield educational impacts through the involvement of undergraduate students in research activities and the development of age-appropriate educational activities for K-12 students. The team will develop a factsheet on DES distributed by the Center for Sustainable Systems at the University of Michigan, to serve as a freely available public resource for students, researchers, and policy makers. This project will also support the development of two modules to be integrated into courses for environmental professional students and electrical engineers.