UNS: Environmental Impacts of Using Distributed Energy Storage for Power System Reserves

1510788 Johnson，Jeremiah本项目的目标是调查使用分布式储能（DES）的电力系统储备的环境影响，并制定运营策略，以减轻系统的环境负担。随着越来越多的可再生能源被整合到电力系统中，需要额外的储备来确保系统的功能性和可靠性。DES是一个有前途的替代发电机提供这样的储备，因为一般来说，这些资源比传统的发电厂更敏感，成本越来越有竞争力。由于DES系统在运行过程中的低排放，通常认为它可以减少对环境的影响。然而，由于电力系统的复杂性，DES的使用可能会导致某些系统配置下的负面结果，发电组合，和备用要求。因此，全面评估DES对保护区的环境影响是非常重要的。使用生命周期评估（LCA），研究人员将调查提供DES保护区的全部环境影响。此外，他们还将开发一种简化形式的LCA，可以为电力系统运营商提供有关环境影响的实时反馈。这项工作将推动工业生态学和电力系统领域的发展。为了评估使用DES的电力系统储备的环境影响，LCA将耦合到最优潮流（OPF）的方法。虽然化石燃料燃烧预计将是生命周期环境影响的主要因素，但使用DES的产品寿命短和运行影响表明上游和下游影响的重要性，以及需要LCA来可靠地确定环境绩效。这项工作的一个关键贡献是应用模型简化技术来开发简化形式的LCA，以便可以实时计算近似影响并在OPF中使用。这些方法支持使用LCA的主动反馈响应，可以很容易地定制用于其他系统，如运输和水处理。该项目还通过将生命周期环境影响纳入目标函数和/或约束来推进OPF问题的制定。这将有助于我们了解系统运行成本和环境效益之间的权衡，为系统运营商和政策制定者提供信息。该项目将通过调整方法来为系统操作提供主动反馈，从而提高LCA的实用性。这项研究的结果将确定改善发电环境成果的运营战略，并为公共政策提供信息，从战略上消除参与DES的障碍。该项目还将通过本科生参与研究活动和为K-12学生制定适龄教育活动来产生教育影响。该团队将开发一份关于DES的情况说明书，由密歇根大学可持续系统中心分发，作为学生，研究人员和政策制定者免费获得的公共资源。该项目还将支持开发两个模块，以纳入环境专业学生和电气工程师的课程。

1510788Johnson, JeremiahThe objective of this project is to investigate the environmental impacts of using distributed energy storage (DES) for power system reserves and to develop operational strategies to mitigate the environmental burdens of the system. As more renewable energy sources are integrated into the power system, additional reserves are required to ensure the functionality and reliability of the system. DES is a promising alternative to generators for providing such reserves because, in general, these resources are more responsive than conventional power plants and costs are increasingly competitive. Due to their low emissions during operation, DES systems are often assumed to reduce environmental impacts. However, due to the complex nature of the power system, the use of DES may lead to negative outcomes under certain system configurations, generation mixes, and reserve requirements. Thus, it is important to thoroughly evaluate the environmental impacts of introducing DES for reserves. Using life cycle assessment (LCA), the researchers will investigate the full environmental impact of providing reserves with DES. Additionally, they will develop a reduced-form LCA that can provide real-time feedback on environmental impacts to power system operators. This work will advance the fields of industrial ecology and power systems. To evaluate the environmental impact of using DES for power system reserves, LCA will be coupled to optimal power flow (OPF) methods. While fossil fuel combustion is expected to be a major contributor to life cycle environmental impacts, the short product lifetime and operational impacts of using DES demonstrate the importance of upstream and downstream impacts and the need for LCA to robustly determine environmental performance. A key contribution of this work is the application of model reduction techniques to develop reduced-form LCAs so that approximate impacts can be calculated in real-time and used within the OPF. These methods which support the use of LCA for active feedback response could be readily tailored for use in other systems such as transportation and water treatment. This project also advances the formulation of the OPF problem by incorporating life cycle environmental impacts into the objective function and/or constraints. This will help us understand the tradeoff between system operation costs and environmental benefits, informing system operators and policy makers. This project will advance the utility of LCA by tailoring the method to provide active feedback to systems operations. The results of this study will identify operational strategies that improve environmental outcomes for power generation and inform public policies that strategically remove of barriers to participation for DES. This project will also yield educational impacts through the involvement of undergraduate students in research activities and the development of age-appropriate educational activities for K-12 students. The team will develop a factsheet on DES distributed by the Center for Sustainable Systems at the University of Michigan, to serve as a freely available public resource for students, researchers, and policy makers. This project will also support the development of two modules to be integrated into courses for environmental professional students and electrical engineers.