SHF: Large: Gradual Typing Across the Spectrum

标题：SHF：大型：跨光谱的渐进式打字‘’跨频谱的渐进式打字‘’项目解决了软件维护和编程语言研究的交叉点上的紧急、紧急的需求。在过去的20年里，工作的软件工程师已经接受了用于各种任务的所谓的脚本语言。他们经常使用JavaScript制作交互式网页，使用Ruby on rails制作服务器端软件，使用Python制作数据科学等。软件工程师之所以选择这些语言，是因为它们使原型开发变得容易，在工程师意识到这一点之前，这些原型就演变成了大型的工作系统，并逃脱到了现实世界中。像所有软件一样，这些系统需要维护-错误必须修复，它们的性能需要改进，安全漏洞需要修复，它们的功能需要增强-但是脚本语言使维护变得困难。这个项目的智力价值在于解决了这个真实世界的软件工程问题的所有方面。反过来，该项目更广泛的意义和重要性是部署新技术来帮助维护脚本语言代码的程序员，创建保留这些脚本框架优势的新技术，以及开发课程材料，为下一代学生在这些框架内工作做准备。几年前，PI发起了编程语言研究工作来解决这个问题。他们诊断说，脚本语言中缺少声音类型是主要因素之一。使用传统编程语言中的类型，程序员可以简洁地将设计信息传达给未来的维护人员；健全性确保类型与程序的其余部分一致。作为回应，PI探索了逐步打字的想法，即创建一种类型化的姊妹语言(每种脚本语言一种)，以便(维护)程序员可以逐渐为系统配备类型注释。不幸的是，这些努力在多年来有所不同，并将受益于系统的异花授粉。在这笔赠款的支持下，私人投资机构将从三个方面有系统地探索其渐进式打字系统的频谱。首先，他们将研究如何将一个项目的结果复制到另一个项目中。第二，他们将共同制定逐步打字项目的评估框架，目的是诊断额外研究的努力和需求方面的差距。第三，他们将探索创造新的脚本语言，这些语言受益于逐步打字研究的见解。

Title: SHF: Large: Gradual Typing Across the SpectrumThe ``Gradual Typing Across the Spectrum'' project addresses an urgent, emergent need at the intersection of software maintenance and programming language research. Over the past 20 years, working software engineers have embraced so-called scripting languages for a variety of tasks. They routinely use JavaScript for interactive web pages, Ruby on Rails for server-side software, Python for data science, and so on. Software engineers choose these languages because they make prototyping easy, and before the engineers realize it, these prototypes evolve into large, working systems and escape into the real world. Like all software, these systems need to be maintained---mistakes must be fixed, their performance requires improvement, security gaps call for fixes, their functionality needs to be enhanced---but scripting languages render maintenance difficult. The intellectual merits of this project are to address all aspects of this real-world software engineering problem. In turn, the project's broader significance and importance are the deployment of new technologies to assist the programmer who maintains code in scripting languages, the creation of novel technologies that preserve the advantages of these scripting frameworks, and the development of curricular materials that prepares the next generation of students for working within these frameworks. A few years ago, the PIs launched programming language research efforts to address this problem. They diagnosed the lack of sound types in scripting languages as one of the major factors. With types in conventional programming languages, programmers concisely communicate design information to future maintenance workers; soundness ensures the types are consistent with the rest of the program. In response, the PIs explored the idea of gradual typing, that is, the creation of a typed sister language (one per scripting language) so that (maintenance) programmers can incrementally equip systems with type annotations. Unfortunately, these efforts have diverged over the years and would benefit from systematic cross-pollination.With support from this grant, the PIs will systematically explore the spectrum of their gradual typing system with a three-pronged effort. First, they will investigate how to replicate results from one project in another. Second, they will jointly develop an evaluation framework for gradual typing projects with the goal of diagnosing gaps in the efforts and needs for additional research. Third, they will explore the creation of new scripting languages that benefit from the insights of gradual typing research.