Synchronic, Diachronic and Typological Description of Máku

这个项目的目标是：(1)制作Máku(又名：Máku)的描述。Máko)，这是巴西北部和委内瑞拉南部亚马逊地区的一种已灭绝的孤立语言，包括对语音和形态句法的全面概述，(2)突出和传播基于这种语法描述的语言的类型学和理论含义，(3)调查涉及Máku的外来词、语言接触和拟议的远程遗传关系，以及(4)为学者、语言学家和普通公众提供持久的数据和文献整理。目前和预计世界语言多样性的丧失影响了我们对语言的科学理解，并降低了我们欣赏其他文化和语言的能力。这些后果使得对马尔库语的研究变得迫切，因为它是一种孤立的语言，没有已知的亲属，并且严重缺乏文献、描述或分析。这个项目在一个中心位置提供了关于这种灭绝的孤立的一切记录，包括在这种语言中发现的许多不寻常和独特的特征。例如，已经指出，马尔库有一个证据系统，连续动词，近期和遥远的将来之间的对比，最近和遥远的过去之间的对比，后缀否定，数字量词，和三个不同的动词类别，基于主语标记，无论是前缀，后缀，或后缀(中缀在跨语言中是罕见的)，一组人称代词，包括四种不同的形式的“我们”，一个不寻常的主动动词对齐系统，以及/y/的使用，高前圆元音，在美洲土著语言中极为罕见。这个项目描述了这些特征，并根据这一领域和世界上已知的语言特征进行了调查。在确保获得关于这一鲜为人知的语言孤立的数据方面，该项目将使语言学和其他依赖于语言相关材料(人类学、历史学、生物学、地理学)的学科受益。它还将使对文化多样性感兴趣的普通公众受益，因为它增加了获取具有文化和语言意义的信息的机会。它将通过对这种语言中发现的不寻常的语言特征的调查来促进语言类型学和语言学理论的发展，并通过识别和描述这种语言中也观察到的一系列区域特征来联系语言学。该项目的主要调查人员是杨百翰大学的克里斯·罗杰斯和锡耶纳大学美洲印第安人研究中心(CISAI)的拉乌尔·赞波尼。

The goals of this project are: (1) to produce a description of Máku (a.k.a. Máko), an extinct language isolate of the Amazon region of northern Brazil and southern Venezuela, including a comprehensive overview of the phonology and morphosyntax, (2) to highlight and disseminate the typological and theoretical implications of the language based on this grammatical description, (3) to investigate loanwords, language contact, and proposed remote genetic relationships involving Máku, and (4) to provide for lasting curation of the data and documentation which is accessible to scholars, linguists, and the general public.The current and projected loss of the world's linguistic diversity affects our scientific understanding about language, and reduces our ability to appreciate other cultures and languages. These consequences make study Máku urgent because it is a language isolate with no known relatives and has a profound lack of documentation, description, or analysis. This project makes available in one central location, everything that has been recorded of this extinct isolate including the many unusual and unique traits found in this language.For example, it has been stated that Máku has an evidentiality system, serial verbs, a contrast between immediate and distant future and between recent and distant past, suffixed negation, numeral classifiers, and three distinct verb classes based on subject markers, whether prefixed, suffixed, or infixed (infixes are rare crosslinguistically), a set of personal pronouns including four distinct forms for "we", an unusual system of active-stative verb alignment, and the use of /y/, a high front rounded vowel which is extremely rare in indigenous languages of the Americas. This project describes these features and investigates them in light of known linguistic characteristics in this area and in the world generally.In ensuring access to the data on this little-known linguistic isolate, this project will benefit both linguistics and other disciplines which depend on language-related material (anthropology, history, biology, geography). It will also benefit the general public interested in cultural diversity, by enhancing accessibility to information of cultural, as well as linguistic, significance. It will contribute to language typology and linguistic theory through the investigation of the unusual linguistic traits found in this language and contact linguistics through the identification and description of a series of areal traits also observed in this language. The main investigators on this project are Chris Rogers of Brigham Young University and Raoul Zamponi of the Centro Interdipartimentale di Studi sull' America Indigena (CISAI) of the University of Siena.