Exploring Transfer Between Computing and Algebra and Its Effects on Mathematics Pedagogy and Self-efficacy in Computing Teachers

由于计算已成为STEM学科不可或缺的一部分，STEM+Computing Partnership（STEM+C）计划推进了STEM教学和学习中计算方法的整合，以及这种整合如何改善STEM学习，参与，持久性和计算思维。计算思维（CT）是一个相对较新的教育焦点，作为一种世纪的技能，学习者显然需要这种技能。该提案通过利用旨在整合数学和计算的课程来解决高中阶段这一具有挑战性的新领域，以改善两者的学习，从而了解如何将这两个科目结合起来学习，从而提高学生的理解和教师对这些科目的看法和知识。了解学习数学的方式影响学习计算，反之亦然是一个重要的研究目标。学习计算是至关重要的准备今天的学生在这一领域的许多工作机会。此外，该项目还将培训不同学校的600多名教师使用该课程，从而对改善STEM和计算的学习和保留产生强大的影响。该项目将调查学习数学和编程相互影响的方式。该项目使用Bootstrap课程，学生在其中编写视频游戏。Bootstrap是一种基于函数的计算语言，它针对重要的代数概念。该课程围绕关键的数学实践标准设计，以帮助教师将其纳入现有课程。对学生学习的研究将集中在：1）哪些预期的概念从Bootstrap转移到代数，2）最能支持这种转移的脚手架类型，以及3）有助于这种转移的课程方面。对教师的研究将集中在：1）使用Bootstrap对教师对数学和计算之间联系的看法的影响，2）课程教学风格和提供的专业发展方面影响教师的技能和信心水平教学计算，以及3）对于在使用Bootstrap之前主要领域是数学或计算的教师可能产生的差异影响。除了项目小组已经培训的200名教师外，他们将在项目期间再培训600名教师。在该项目期间，他们将收集至少100名教师的数据，每年为第二年和第三年的项目和学生的数据，从这些教师的班级20。

As computing has become such an integral part of the STEM disciplines, the STEM+Computing Partnership (STEM+C) program advances the integration of computational approaches in STEM teaching and learning and how this integration can improve STEM learning, engagement, persistence, and computational thinking. Computational Thinking (CT) is a relatively new educational focus and a clear need for learners as a 21st century skill. This proposal tackles this challenging new area at the high school level by leveraging a curriculum designed to integrate mathematics and computing to improve learning in both to understand how learning these two subjects together can lead to improvement in both students' understanding and teachers' perceptions of and knowledge about these subjects. Understanding the ways that learning mathematics impacts learning computing and vice-versa is an important research goal. Learning computing is vital for preparing today's students for the many job opportunities available in this area. In addition, the project will train over 600 teachers in diverse schools in using this curriculum, leading to a strong possible impact on improving learning and retention in STEM and computing.The project will investigate the ways that learning mathematics and programming mutually influence each other. The project uses the Bootstrap curriculum in which students program videogames. Bootstrap is a function-based computing language that targets important algebraic concepts. The curriculum is designed around key mathematical practice standards to help teachers incorporate it into their existing courses. The research on student learning will focus on: 1) which of the intended concepts transfer from Bootstrap to algebra, 2) the type of scaffolding that best supports this transfer, and 3) the aspects of the curriculum that contribute to that transfer. The research on teachers will focus on: 1) the effect of using Bootstrap on teacher perceptions of connections between math and computing, 2) the aspects of the curriculum's pedagogical style and the professional development provided that affect teachers skill and confidence level teaching computing, and 3) possible differential effects for teachers whose primary area was mathematics or computing prior to using Bootstrap. In addition to the 200 teachers the project team has already trained, they will train an additional 600 teachers over the course of the project. During the project, they will collect teacher data from at least 100 teachers in each year for Years 2 and 3 of the project and student data from 20 of those teachers' classes.