Collaborative Research: Emergency Funding for Repair of the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences Tudor Hill Marine Atmospheric Observatory

海洋对流层在许多元素的全球地球化学循环、有机化合物、营养物、微生物和污染物的全球分布以及全球辐射收支中发挥着重要作用。观察和采样海洋边界层中的气体、气溶胶和降水的能力对于更好地了解这些过程至关重要。百慕大位于北大西洋西部，是许多海洋对流层实地研究的重要地点。1987年，作为国家科学基金会资助的大气海洋化学实验的一部分，首先在百慕大的Tudor Hill建立了一个海洋大气观测站，包括一个23米高的大气取样塔和现场实验室。在NSF的支持下，都铎山塔和现场实验室于2003年进行了维修和改装，此后一直作为社区研究设施进行运营和维护。不幸的是，在2014年10月17日至18日登陆百慕大的2级飓风贡萨洛经过期间，该塔遭到无法修复的破坏。该合同将使该塔得以更换，以确保该设施的研究活动将继续下去。预计该项目将在若干层面上作出重大的教育贡献，包括通过百慕大海洋科学研究所（BIOS）由国家科学基金会资助的本科生研究经验（REU）方案，通过BIOS教授的其他课程，以及通过将研究生纳入外部科学研究活动，提供本科教育机会。都铎山设施将继续在BIOS的公共宣传活动，公开讲座，每周图尔斯参观，并每年开放日功能。都铎山大气观测站目前已获得资金，运营至2017年8月。 通过这笔奖金，被摧毁的塔将被替换，以便这些行动可以继续下去。 目前，该设施主持长期测量活动，以支持一些联邦机构和大学正在进行的研究和监测。此外，一个国家基金资助项目的取样活动将于2015年晚些时候开始，另外四个将利用该基金的潜在项目目前正在等待供资决定。自2003年NSF开始支持以来，迄今为止在该设施进行的研究为至少25篇发表的同行评审论文以及在美国和国际会议上的众多演讲做出了实质性贡献。该设施还被用作通过海洋大气局和美国航天局的活动监测温室气体、臭氧和空气柱特性的重要洋中位置。总的来说，这些努力有助于更好地了解海洋大气中的地球化学和物理过程。Tudor Hill站点的持续运营和维护将促进有关海洋对流层和海洋-大气交换过程的化学和物理学的研究-这些主题是IGAC，SOLAS和GEOTRACES等国际研究计划的核心。这些研究的结果可望改善对预期未来气候和环境变化影响的预测和减轻。在区域范围内，Tudor Hill设施将补充正在马尾藻海进行的时间序列研究，包括Hydrostation S和百慕大大西洋时间序列站。

The marine troposphere plays important roles in the global geochemical cycles of many elements, in the global distribution of organic compounds, nutrients, microbes and pollutants, and in the global radiation budget. The ability to observe and sample gases, aerosol and precipitation in the marine boundary layer is central to providing a better understanding of these processes. By virtue of its location in the western North Atlantic Ocean, Bermuda has been a key location for numerous field studies of the marine troposphere. A marine atmospheric observatory, consisting of a 23-m high atmospheric sampling tower and site laboratories, was first established at Tudor Hill, Bermuda, in 1987 as part of the NSF-funded Atmosphere Ocean Chemistry Experiment. NSF support, the Tudor Hill tower and site laboratories were repaired and refitted in 2003, and have since been operated and maintained as a community research facility. Unfortunately, during the passage of Hurricane Gonzalo, a category 2 storm when it made landfall over Bermuda on 17-18 October 2014, the tower was damaged beyond repair. This award will enable the tower to be replaced to ensure that the research activities at the facility will continue. This project is expected to make significant educational contributions at a number of levels, including undergraduate education opportunities through the NSF-funded Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) program at the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS), through other courses taught at BIOS, and by the inclusion of postgraduate students in external scientific research activities. The Tudor Hill facility will continue to feature in BIOS public outreach activities, public lectures, weekly tours, and the annual open-house day. The Tudor Hill Atmospheric Observatory is currently funded to operate through to August, 2017. Through this award, the destroyed tower will be replaced so that these operations can continue. Presently the facility hosts long-term measurement activities in support of research and monitoring being conducted by a number of federal agencies and universities. Additionally, sampling activities for one NSF-funded project are due to commence later in 2015 and four additional prospective projects which would make use of the facility are currently awaiting funding decisions. Since NSF support commenced in 2003, research conducted at the facility to date has substantively contributed to at least 25 published peer-reviewed papers and to numerous presentations at US and international conferences. The facility has also been utilized as a critical mid-oceanic location for monitoring greenhouse gases, ozone and air column properties through the activities of NOAA and NASA. Collectively, these efforts have contributed to a better understanding of the biogeochemical and physical processes in the marine atmosphere. The continued operation and maintenance of the Tudor Hill site will facilitate research concerning the chemistry and physics of the marine troposphere and ocean-atmosphere exchange processes - topics that are central to international research initiatives such as IGAC, SOLAS and GEOTRACES. Findings from such studies can be expected to improve prediction and mitigation of the effects of anticipated future climatic and environmental change. In a regional context, the Tudor Hill facility will complement ongoing time-series research in the Sargasso Sea, including Hydrostation S and the Bermuda Atlantic Time Series Station..