Collaborative Research: CISE-MSI: RCBP-RF: CPS, CNS: Emergency Response and Evacuation Training for Active Shooter Events

该奖项全部或部分由2021年美国救援计划法案（公法117-2）资助。近年来，我们目睹了活跃射手事件的急剧增加;然而，不幸的是，没有引入新的技术或战术，能够增加对活跃射手事件的准备和训练。该项目通过建立鲍伊州立大学（BSU）和拉斯维加斯内华达州大学（UNLV）之间的跨学科伙伴关系和研究能力，促进科学和技术发展的进步，对高等教育机构（IHE）的活跃射击事件进行探索性调查。该项目的目标是进行数据收集，初步实验，并为两个校区的原型开发，以提高应急准备的积极射手事件使用协作沉浸式虚拟现实（VR）环境。该项目开发算法，实施软件，并使用建筑系统作为挑战应用领域来演示概念验证。这项研究涉及为新的理论和经验指导设计新的概念方法，这些方法需要为高度不确定，复杂，时间紧迫和动态变化的任务提供人机决策环境。这项建议的研究目标包括：1）使用Oculus开发沉浸式协作虚拟环境（CVE），用于活动射击事件的行动过程，可视化和态势感知，2）开发独特的沉浸式图形用户界面（GUI），用于PC之间的通信（玩家角色）和NPC（非玩家角色）进行用户交互，3）在活跃的射击事件中为NPC实现人类行为的算法。(e.g.敌对，非敌对，自私，领导追随，恐慌），4）基于深度学习（数据驱动）的现实NPC行为建模。成功实施的项目有助于使用VR进行最先进的应急响应培训，通过开发知识，可以形成公共教育和意识计划的基础，以帮助设施占用者，该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力价值进行评估，更广泛的影响审查标准。

This award is funded in whole or in part under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (Public Law 117-2).In recent years, we have witnessed a sharp increase in active shooter events; however, unfortunately, there has been no introduction of new technology or tactics capable of increasing preparedness and training for active shooter events. This project promotes the progress of science and technology development by building interdisciplinary partnerships and research capacity between Bowie State University (BSU) and University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) for exploratory investigation of active shooter events at Institutes of Higher Education (IHE). The goal of this project is to conduct data collection, preliminary experiments, and a prototype development for the two campuses for improving emergency preparedness for an active shooter event using collaborative immersive virtual reality (VR) environment. This project develops algorithms, implement software and demonstrate proof-of-concept using building systems as a challenge application area. This research involves devising novel conceptual methods for new theoretical and empirical guidance needed to have an environment for human and machine decision making for highly uncertain, complex, time urgent, and dynamically changing missions. The research objectives of this proposal include: 1) Develop an immersive Collaborative Virtual Environment (CVE) using Oculus for course of action, visualization, and situational awareness for active shooter events, 2) Develop a unique immersive graphical user interface (GUI) for communicating between PCs (Player characters) and NPCs (Non-Player Characters) for user interaction, 3) Implementing algorithms for human behavior for NPCs in active shooter events. (e.g. Hostile, Non-Hostile, Selfish, Leader-Following, Panic), 4) Deep learning-based (data-driven) behavioral modeling for realistic NPCs. The successfully implemented project contributes to the state-of-the-art in emergency response training using VR by developing knowledge that could form the basis of public education and awareness programs to help facility occupants, their rescuers and city officials respond appropriately during extreme emergency situation.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.