OPERATION OF A COMMUNITY MARINE-ATMOSPHERIC SAMPLING FACILITY AT TUDOR HILL, BERMUDA

海洋对流层在全球许多元素的地球化学循环、全球辐射收支以及有机化合物、营养物质、微生物和污染物的全球分布中发挥着重要作用。目前，大气组成、大气输送和大气-海洋交换的许多方面仍然知之甚少，从而限制了我们预测和减轻预期未来气候变化影响的能力。提高我们对这些专题的理解的核心是观察和采样海洋边界层的能力。在这方面，海洋岛屿观测站发挥了至关重要的作用。由于位于北大西洋西部，百慕大一直是许多海洋对流层实地研究的关键地点。百慕大也具备进行此类实地研究的良好条件，在美国国家科学基金会资助的AEROCE计划(1988-1998)期间，在都铎山上建立了23米高的大气采样塔和现场实验室。在NSF化学海洋学和大气化学方案的支持下，都铎山塔和现场实验室在2002-2003年进行了修复和改装，此后一直作为社区实地研究设施进行运营和维护。设施的运作包括收集连续的气象数据和每周一次的气溶胶样本和雨水样本，保存在百慕大海洋科学研究所，供科学界免费使用，以及为国家科学基金会、美国国家海洋和大气局、美国航天局和其他机构资助的各种外部研究项目收集样本和数据。在2008年9月至2011年8月期间，BIOS的研究人员将继续维护、运营和升级这一有价值的社区研究设施，资金来自于此次续签奖励。具体来说，它们将：(1)。运营和维护百慕大都铎山上最先进的海洋大气采样和观测设施；(2)继续收集连续的气象数据和每周的大量气溶胶和雨样，这些数据将在基本资料处存档，供其他研究人员免费使用；(3)为外部调查人员收集更多的大气样本和数据，并为外部调查人员使用该设施提供便利；和(4)在电力和塔式采样空间方面扩大设施的容量。除上文第(2)款规定的样品或数据的采集，或用于该设施的其他研究用途外，将要求收取适中的设施使用费。预计这些使用费的净收入(约为每年10,000美元)将用于支付项目期间的现场维护、设备更换和额外技术员支助费用。更广泛的影响：总的来说，都铎山址的继续运营和维护将促进有关海洋对流层和海洋大气交换过程的化学和物理的研究--这些专题是国际地球物理研究中心、海洋观测卫星系统和地球物理研究中心等国际研究举措的核心。这类研究有望提高我们预测和减轻预期未来气候和环境变化影响的能力。在区域范围内，都铎山设施将补充马尾藻海正在进行的时间序列研究，包括S水电站、BATS和大洋流方案。总而言之，这些计划有望在我们对海洋和大气过程的理解方面取得重大进展。预计该项目将在多个层面上做出重大的教育贡献。数据和样本将像过去一样用于研究生研究项目。都铎山设施还将通过NSF资助的本科生研究体验(REU)计划和在BIOS教授的本科课程提供本科教育机会。都铎山庄设施将继续作为基本输入输出系统的公共宣传活动，包括公开讲座、每周一次的参观和每年的开放日。此外，还将有一个新的网页，其中将包括都铎山设施的一般信息，以及供外部研究和教育用户使用的信息和数据。

The marine troposphere plays important roles in the global geochemical cycles of many elements, in the global radiation budget, and in the global distribution of organic compounds, nutrients, microbes and pollutants. At present, many aspects of atmospheric composition, atmospheric transport, and atmosphere-ocean exchange remain poorly understood, thus limiting our ability to predict and mitigate the effects of anticipated future climate change. Central to improving our understanding of these topics is the ability to observe and sample the marine boundary layer. In this regard, oceanic island observatories have played a crucial role. By virtue of its location in the western North Atlantic Ocean, Bermuda has been a key location for numerous field studies of the marine troposphere. Bermuda is also well equipped for such field research, with the 23-m high atmospheric sampling tower and site laboratories that were established at Tudor Hill during the NSF-funded AEROCE program (1988-1998). With support from the NSF Chemical Oceanography and Atmospheric Chemistry Programs, the Tudor Hill tower and site laboratories were repaired and refitted in 2002-2003, and have since been operated and maintained as a community field research facility. Facility operations have included the collection of continuous meteorological data and weekly bulk-aerosol samples and rainwater samples, which are archived at the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS) and made freely available to the scientific community, as well as the collection of samples and data for a variety of external research projects funded by NSF, NOAA, NASA and other agencies. With funds from this renewal award, researchers at BIOS will continue to maintain, operate and upgrade this valuable community research facility over the period September 2008-August 2011. Specifically, they will: (1). operate and maintain a state-of-the-art marine atmospheric sampling and observing facility at Tudor Hill, Bermuda; (2). continue collection of continuous meteorological data and weekly bulk-aerosol and rain samples, which will be archived at BIOS and made freely available to other researchers; (3). collect additional atmospheric samples and data for external investigators, and provide for the use of the facility by external investigators; and (4). expand the capacity of the facility in terms of electrical power and tower sampling space. Modest facility-user fees will be requested for the collection of samples or data in addition to those specified in (2), above, or for other research use of the facility. Anticipated net revenue from these user fees (on the order of $10,000 per year) will be used to defray costs of site maintenance, equipment replacement, and additional technician support in the project period. Broader Impacts: In general terms, the continued operation and maintenance of the Tudor Hill site will facilitate research concerning the chemistry and physics of the marine troposphere and oceanatmosphere exchange processes -- topics that are central to international research initiatives such as IGAC, SOLAS and GEOTRACES. Such research is expected to improve our ability to predict and mitigate the effects of anticipated future climatic and environmental change. In a regional context, the Tudor Hill facility will complement ongoing time-series research in the Sargasso Sea, including Hydrostation S, BATS and the Oceanic Flux Program. Together, these programs promise significant advances in our understanding of oceanic and atmospheric processes. This project is expected to make significant educational contributions at a number of levels. Data and samples will be made available for use in graduate research projects, as they have been in the past. The Tudor Hill facility will also provide undergraduate education opportunities through the NSF-funded Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) program, and through undergraduate courses taught at BIOS. The Tudor Hill facility will continue to feature in BIOS public outreach activities, including public lectures, weekly tours, and the annual open-house day. In addition, there will be a new web page that will include general information on the Tudor Hill facility, as well as information and data for external research and education users.