EAGER: Renewables: Collaborative Research: Market Designs for Distribution Systems with High Renewable Penetration

该项目旨在设计电网配电系统层面的电力市场，以适应基于可再生能源发电增加的趋势。设想的电力市场将需要使所谓的消费者(电力生产者，也是电力消费者)的利益与整个系统目标保持一致。这项研究的长期目标是设计和分析市场，使消费者成为实现系统目标的利益相关者和参与者。在这一具体项目中，该团队通过一个聚合器(其作用也可以由配电公司履行)为战略消费者设计参与的机制和市场，以提供三项服务--发电机到户运行模式下的能量平衡、发电机到电网运行模式下的能量平衡和频率调节。通过将兴趣集中在新兴电网和市场设计的交叉点上，该项目还将促进对新电网经济学的全面理论和实践的进一步研究。因此，该项目目标的实现将在科学、技术和经济层面产生相当大的动力，促进新电网的功能和复杂性，提升美国的竞争力和经济。还提供了具体的教育和推广计划，包括为本科生参与研究设计新课程和项目。尽管存在战略上的自私代理人，但许多市场和机制保证了有用的特性，如效率、收入最优化和真实披露。然而，电力市场与许多其他大宗商品市场不同，因为电力很难储存，而且受到监管，必须按需提供。大规模可再生能源整合的市场带来了额外的挑战，包括参与者之间的信息不对称和有限理性，可能对系统稳定性的负面影响，以及跨不同时间尺度的运行。这些挑战需要在电网(例如，实时确定对电网稳定性的影响)和经济(例如，机制设计，以确保最佳行动，而不仅仅是真实的报告)方面进行新的研究。将出现一个由新旧实体组成的新生态系统，必须设计它们的接口。这个项目的重点是为聚合者和消费者之间的关键接口设计市场和机制。该项目明确考虑了信息不对称、有限的计算能力以及对电网稳定性的影响。许多见解将可移植到其他互动中，包括ISO(独立系统运营商)和多个聚合器以及希望利用其客户的电池进行能源套利的商业EV(电动汽车)充电站之间的互动。通过统一经济学、电力系统、控制理论和动力系统的技术，该方案针对的是一个高风险、高回报的问题，这是确保未来大规模分布式可再生能源集成的关键。

The project aims to design electricity markets at the distribution system level of the electric power grid to accommodate the trend toward increased renewable energy based generation. The envisioned electricity markets will need to align the interests of so-called prosumers (electric power producers who are also electric power consumers) with overall system objectives. The long term aim of this research is to design and analyze markets to allow prosumers to be stakeholders and participants in achieving system objectives. In this specific project, the team designs mechanisms and markets for strategic prosumers to participate through an aggregator (whose role can also be performed by the distribution company) to provide three services - energy balance in the generator-to-home mode of operation, energy balance in the generator-to-grid mode of operation, and frequency regulation. By focusing interest on the intersection of the emerging power grid and market design, this project will also foster further research in developing a full theory and practice for the economics of the new power grid. Achievement of the project's objectives will, therefore, generate considerable momentum at the scientific, technological and economic levels to advance the functionality and harness the complexity of the new power grid, boosting American competitiveness and economy. Concrete educational and outreach plans including design of new courses and projects for undergraduate involvement in research are also provided.Many markets and mechanisms that guarantee useful properties such as efficiency, revenue optimality, and truthful revelation, in spite of strategic selfish agents are known. However, electricity markets are unlike many other commodity markets since electricity is difficult to store and is regulated in the sense that it has to be available on demand. The markets for large scale renewable integration pose additional challenges including information asymmetry and bounded rationality among participants, possible negative impact on system stability, and operation across various time scales. These challenges require new research both in the power grid (e.g., to identify the effect on the stability of the grid in real time) and in economics (e.g., for mechanism design to ensure optimal actions and not just truthful reporting). A new ecosystem consisting of old and new entities will emerge and their interfaces will have to be designed. This project focuses on design of markets and mechanisms for the crucial interface between the aggregator and the prosumers. The project explicitly considers the impact of information assymetry, limited computational capabilities, and effect on stability of the power grid. Many insights will be portable to other interactions, including between the ISO (independent system operator) and multiple aggregators as well as a commercial EV (electric vehicle) charging stations that wish to engage in arbitrage of energy using batteries of its customers. By unifying techniques from economics, power systems, control theory, and dynamical systems, this proposal takes aim at a high-risk high-reward problem crucial for ensuring a future with large scale distributed renewable integration.