Hunter-Gatherer Social Behavior during the North American Pleistocene

北美更新世期间狩猎采集者的社会行为

• 批准号: 1556318
• 负责人: Joseph Gingerich
• 金额: $ 6.2万
• 依托单位: Smithsonian Institution
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2016-03-15 至 2016-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1556318&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Hunter; Gatherer; Social; Behavior; during

Dr. Joseph Gingerich of the Smithsonian Institution will explore social interaction among hunter-gatherer populations in the Americas. While archaeologists have been able to find campsites that date to more than 13,000 years ago in the United States, we know very little about how the first people who inhabited North America lived. Shawnee-Minisink in Pennsylvania is one the oldest and best preserved archaeological sites in North America. This site allows us to examine early American social interaction and ways of life, which are rarely available at other sites of the same age. Data on the spatial distribution of artifacts from this site will be used to develop theoretical and methodological models to help better interpret other hunter-gatherer sites throughout the world. Information from this work, which places the site into a broader thematic context, will be used to nominate the site as a National Historic Landmark. The site currently listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The project also has pedagogical focus in training students and providing undergraduates with research experiences through the Smithsonian?s internship program.These goals will be achieved through a detailed spatial analysis and refit study of 18,000 mapped artifacts. Ethnographic research has demonstrated the utility of using spatial data to examine hunter-gatherer behavior and social interactions. This research will examine: 1) site structure and organization through the spatial clustering of artifacts, 2) the function of specific work areas through artifact use-wear and the study of manufacturing debris from stone tool production, 3) intra-site social interaction by linking individual spatial units through the refitting of artifacts and reduction debris, and 4) extra-site social interaction based on the distribution of exotic raw materials, links between work areas, and the spacing artifact clusters. This study is significant because few first American sites have been the focus of a detailed intra-site spatial study. As ethnographers have observed few highly mobile hunter-gatherer groups using stone tools and living on sparsely populated landscapes at middle latitudes, this project provides an opportunity to examine a prehistoric hunter-gatherer site at a large spatial scale and test relationships between the archaeological and ethnoarchaeological records. Lithic refitting patterns, isolated work areas, and overall spatial patterning will provide new insights into the way human behavior manifests itself through discarded artifacts. In this respect, this research provides a valuable dataset from which future comparative studies of social organization can be drawn to examine past human behavior. Archaeological spatial data compiled and analyzed during this project will be accessible online through the Smithsonian Institution.

史密森学会的约瑟夫·金格里奇博士将探讨美洲狩猎采集人群之间的社会互动。虽然考古学家已经能够在美国找到13,000多年前的露营地，但我们对居住在北美的第一批人的生活方式知之甚少。宾夕法尼亚州的Shawnee-Minisink是北美最古老和保存最完好的考古遗址之一。这个网站使我们能够研究早期美国的社会交往和生活方式，这是很少在同一年龄的其他网站提供。从这个网站的文物的空间分布数据将被用来开发理论和方法模型，以帮助更好地解释世界各地的其他狩猎采集网站。从这项工作中获得的信息，将该网站置于更广泛的主题背景下，将被用来提名该网站为国家历史地标。该遗址目前被列入国家史迹名录。该项目也有教学重点，在培训学生，并提供本科生的研究经验，通过史密森尼？这些目标将通过对18,000件地图文物进行详细的空间分析和改装研究来实现。民族志研究已经证明了使用空间数据来研究狩猎采集行为和社会互动的实用性。这项研究将审查：1）通过人工制品的空间聚集来构建现场结构和组织，2）通过人工制品的使用-磨损和对石器生产中的制造碎片的研究来确定特定工作区域的功能，3）通过人工制品的改装和碎片的减少来连接各个空间单元来实现现场内的社会互动，以及4）基于外来原材料分布的现场外社会互动，工作区域之间的链接，以及间隔工件集群。这项研究是重要的，因为很少有第一个美国网站一直是一个详细的网站内空间研究的重点。由于民族志学家已经观察到一些高度移动的狩猎采集群体使用石器工具，生活在人口稀少的景观中纬度地区，这个项目提供了一个机会，研究史前狩猎采集网站在大的空间尺度和测试之间的关系的考古和ethnochaearchical记录。石质改装模式、隔离的工作区域和整体空间模式将为人类行为通过丢弃的人工制品表现出来的方式提供新的见解。在这方面，这项研究提供了一个有价值的数据集，从未来的社会组织的比较研究可以得出检查过去的人类行为。 在该项目期间汇编和分析的考古空间数据将通过史密森学会在线访问。