Urban Water Provisioning Systems and Household Water Security

城市供水系统和家庭用水安全

• 批准号: 1560962
• 负责人: Wendy Jepson
• 金额: $ 25.41万
• 依托单位: Texas A&M University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2016-06-01 至 2020-11-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1560962&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Urban; Water; Provisioning; Systems; Household

Water security remains a major challenge for rapidly growing urban areas of the developing world and impoverished areas in developed countries where unregulated and informal domestic water provisioning practices persist despite increases in household access to piped water. Urban water provision is an assemblage of water vendors, networked pipes, plastic jugs, standpipes, water meters, rainwater and greywater collection tanks, and water trucks that convey and manage domestic water provision to help households cope and meet needs of everyday life. This project examines how and why urban households obtain water through these hybrid infrastructure systems and tests their efficacy in terms of household water security, defined as reliable, adequate and affordable water for a healthy life, using a scaled metric developed by the investigator. The project will be conducted in metropolitan Fortaleza, Brazil, where domestic water provision reflects typical configurations of water provision in the developing world. Research outcomes will provide meaningful insights as to the benefits and limitations of hybrid water-provisioning systems and inform development interventions, technological innovations for water provision, and infrastructure investments. Investigators will create a publicly available online portal to disseminate project information and photos, research findings, and a computational tool to standardize the household water security metric for cross-regional comparisons, allowing researchers to examine impacts of household water insecurity on diverse areas such as public health and water infrastructure planning. The project will also deepen research networks between Brazilian and US researchers, broaden participation of underrepresented groups in science through its research design, and contribute to the development of a globally competitive STEM workforce by training one computer science undergraduate and one geography graduate student. The emergence of regulated and unregulated water provisioning systems begs the question of its efficacy for human development and water security: Do hybrid urban water systems increase or decrease household water security? What particular configuration of formal and informal technologies and practices enhances or reduces household water security? How do different hybrid water-provisioning systems compare in terms of household water security? The major social scientific contribution of this project is to answer these questions by employing a mix of qualitative (observation; open-ended and semi-structured interviews), participatory (photovoice), and quantitative (survey) methods. The investigator will describe and develop a typology of water provision, assess how households interact with the existing systems, and measure household-level water security in selected urban communities. The household water security metric calculated from the survey data can be used to statistically test and model the relationship of water insecurity to several factors, including water-provisioning type, income, education, and health. This project will provide new empirical data to engage larger theoretical debates on the benefits of coexistence, the efficacy of centralized, piped water networks as the modern ideal of water provision, and urban water governance, more broadly.

水安全仍然是发展中国家快速增长的城市地区和发达国家贫困地区的一个重大挑战，在这些地区，尽管家庭获得自来水的机会有所增加，但不受管制和非正规的家庭供水做法依然存在。城市供水是水供应商、网络管道、塑料壶、立管、水表、雨水和灰水收集罐以及运送和管理家庭供水的水车的集合，以帮助家庭科普和满足日常生活的需要。该项目研究了城市家庭如何以及为什么通过这些混合基础设施系统获得水，并使用调查人员开发的缩放度量标准测试了其在家庭水安全方面的功效，家庭水安全被定义为健康生活所需的可靠，充足和负担得起的水。该项目将在巴西的大都市福塔莱萨进行，那里的家庭供水反映了发展中国家供水的典型配置。 研究成果将为混合供水系统的好处和局限性提供有意义的见解，并为发展干预措施、供水技术创新和基础设施投资提供信息。调查人员将创建一个公开的在线门户网站，以传播项目信息和照片，研究结果和计算工具，以标准化家庭水安全指标进行跨区域比较，使研究人员能够研究家庭水不安全对公共卫生和水基础设施规划等不同领域的影响。该项目还将深化巴西和美国研究人员之间的研究网络，通过其研究设计扩大代表性不足的群体对科学的参与，并通过培训一名计算机科学本科生和一名地理研究生，为培养具有全球竞争力的STEM劳动力做出贡献。受管制和不受管制的供水系统的出现回避了其对人类发展和水安全的有效性问题：混合城市供水系统增加或减少家庭用水安全？正式和非正式技术和做法的何种特定配置加强或减少了家庭用水安全？不同的混合供水系统在家庭用水安全方面的比较情况如何？该项目的主要社会科学贡献是通过采用定性（观察;开放式和半结构化访谈），参与式（photovoice）和定量（调查）方法来回答这些问题。调查人员将描述和发展供水的类型学，评估家庭如何与现有系统互动，并在选定的城市社区衡量家庭一级的水安全。根据调查数据计算的家庭用水安全指标可用于统计测试和模拟水不安全与几个因素的关系，包括供水类型，收入，教育和健康。该项目将提供新的经验数据，以便更广泛地就共存的好处、集中式管道供水网络作为现代供水理想的功效以及城市水治理进行更大规模的理论辩论。

项目成果

Urban Household Water Insecurity from the Margins: Perspectives from Northeast Brazil

边缘城市家庭用水不安全：巴西东北部的视角

• DOI: 10.1080/00330124.2020.1750439
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: The Professional Geographer
• 作者: Tomaz, Paula;Jepson, Wendy;Santos, Jader de
• 通讯作者: Santos, Jader de