Collaborative Research: Multifunctional Structural Panel for Energy Efficiency and Multi-Hazards Mitigation

在美国，建筑行业占一次能源消耗和二氧化碳排放量的约40%，并且较轻结构的建造导致更高的灵活性，从而增加了风引起的振动，这可能会造成不适和频繁的不可操作性。 研究能够提高能源效率和保持可服务性的替代结构技术至关重要。本研究将传统的结构承重板重新思考为多功能组件，以产生多种效益：（1）显著提高建筑物的能源效率;（2）实现可再生能源的高效利用;（3）为电网提供运营备用的辅助服务;（4）削减现场可再生发电（例如，太阳能和风能）与能源储存;（5）减轻自然灾害，以确保服务。具有环保意识和弹性的建筑的潜在社会影响是巨大的。教育和推广计划将包括：（1）通过开发教学模块和专题讲座，将研究纳入本科生课堂;（2）就建筑能源问题对高中学生和教师进行教育，并通过直接让本科生参与研究项目，对他们进行教学和培训;以及（3）通过利用两个研究机构的资源，扩大代表性不足群体的参与。基础知识的进步将使创建一个多功能的面板：（1）研究如何将相变材料（PCM）集成到建筑材料中（2）研究在结构面板内组合PCM和毛细管系统的协同作用，以显著增强能量存储和振动缓解能力;（3）研究多功能面板的集成，以消除管道系统和传热终端，支持具有高渗透率的可再生能源的电网系统，并通过惯性消除振动。研究任务将围绕三个假设。(1)PCM可以通过微胶囊化集成到混凝土中，使用低成本和高导热性的空心粉煤灰颗粒，以提高热能储存能力，而不会对强度产生显着的不利影响。(2)将PCM和毛细系统结合到混凝土结构面板中的协同作用可以通过放大PCM的能量存储效率和直接使用低品位能量（例如地下水）来平衡供应和需求来显著提高能量性能。(3)嵌入在结构面板中的毛细管系统可以通过一系列受控阀来杠杆化，以提供相对于大的偏转和振动的振动缓解能力。

The building sector in the United States is responsible for approximately 40 percent of the primary energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission, and the construction of lighter structures results in higher flexibility, thereby increasing wind-induced vibrations, which may create discomfort and frequent inoperability. It is critical to investigate alternative structural technologies capable of improving energy efficiency and maintaining serviceability. This study re-thinks conventional structural load bearing panels into multifunctional components to generate multiple benefits: (1) significantly increasing the energy efficiency of the building; (2) enabling high efficiency use of the renewable energy; (3) providing ancillary services of operation reserve to the power grid; (4) paring onsite renewable generation (e.g., solar and wind) with energy storage; (5) mitigating natural hazards to ensure serviceability. The potential societal impacts of the environmental-conscious and resilient building are substantial. The education and outreach plan will consist of: (1) integrating research within the undergraduate classrooms through the development of teaching modules and special topics lectures; (2) educating high school students and teachers on the topic of building energy, and teaching and training undergraduate students by directly involving them in the research project; and (3) broadening the participation of under-represented groups by leveraging resources at both research institutions. Advances in fundamental knowledge will enable to create a multifunctional panel: (1) investigating how Phase Change Materials (PCMs) can be integrated into construction materials (concrete) without significantly altering structural strength; (2) investigating the synergy of combining PCM and a capillary system within a structural panel to significantly enhance energy storage and vibration mitigation capabilities; (3) studying the integration of the multifunctional panel to eliminate ductwork and heat transfer terminals, support a power grid system with high penetrations of as-available renewable energy sources, and dissipate vibrations through inertia. Research tasks will be centered around three hypotheses. (1) PCMs can be integrated into concrete through microencapsulation using low-cost and highly thermal-conductive hollow fly ash particles to enhance the thermal energy storage capacity without significant adverse effect on strength. (2) The synergy of combining PCM and a capillary system into a concrete structural panel can significantly enhance the energy performance by amplifying the efficiency of the energy storage of PCM and directly using low-grade energy, such as ground water, to balance supply and demand. (3) A capillary system embedded in a structural panel can be leveraged through a series of controlled valves to provide vibration mitigation capabilities versus large deflections and vibrations.