Rapid proposal: Fires and floods: Acquisition and analysis of perishable data on the sustainability of reservoirs following wildfires

2015年野火造成大面积烧伤，再加上预测的“怪物”厄尔尼诺季节下的严重降水，预计将造成山坡的严重破坏和侵蚀，导致更严重的沉积物产生，这是难以预测的。这些泥沙负荷可能对水库和配水系统产生重要影响，尽管这些潜在影响尚未得到很好的了解。由于预计未来野火和洪水的严重程度和范围将会增加，因此迫切需要提高对火灾后洪水对水利基础设施影响的理解和建模。该项目的目标是收集易腐烂的数据，从而了解从燃烧和淹没的盆地中输送的沉积物是否、如何以及在哪里会减少水库的功能寿命。鉴于雨季通常在11月下旬至12月下旬开始，这是一项时间敏感且实地密集的研究，pi将迅速部署团队，记录对火灾和洪水的实时反应。活动范围包括：a)估算大面积燃烧后整个湿水年的沉积物相对和绝对产量，区分加利福尼亚州Mad河流域燃烧和未燃烧的支流的沉积物，以建立与火灾相关的沉积生成速率；b)在洪水季节之前和之后对Ruth水库的水深和沉积物岩心进行测量，以计算与燃烧和未燃烧地区相关的短期沉积速率。c)应用捕集器效率和水库容量模型来计算单独降水和野火-洪水情景下的长期沉积速率。研究结果将1)为水库容量可能受到不断变化的火洪形势影响的过程和时间提供证据；2)展示跨地理尺度开展这项研究的方法和初步数据；3)开发开发区域特定模型（例如泥石流阈值和沉积物衰减）所需的数据，这些模型被管理人员广泛用于绘制和通报火灾后的危险。该项目将通过以下方面对社会产生影响：1)提高对野火洪水对水利基础设施影响的认识；2)开发可应用于未来研究的技术，以提高对景观尺度过程和相互作用的模型和理解，这些过程和相互作用导致流域对现在和将来的火灾后沉积物生成更加敏感；3)为国家水库沉积数据库做出贡献，以支持国家尺度的综合水库沉积研究；4)支持为研究水库服务的社区长期供水的规划。

Desiree D. Tullos A RAPID grant situation has been generated by the fire-flood regime being experienced in the Western U.S. The combination of the extensive burns from 2015 wildfires, followed by the forecasted severity of precipitation under the "monster" el nino season ahead, is expected to generate substantial failure and erosion of hillslopes, resulting in more severe sediment yields at times that are difficult to predict. These sediment loads may generate important impacts to reservoirs and water distribution systems, though these potential impacts are not well understood. As the severity and extent of wildfires and floods are forecasted to increase in the future, the need for advancing understanding on and modeling of post-fire flooding impacts to water infrastructure is urgent. The objective of this project is to collect perishable data that will lead to understanding if, how, and where sediment delivered from burned and flooded basins may reduce the functional life of reservoirs. Given that the rainy season typically begins in late November to late December, this is a time sensitive and field intensive study, and the PIs will deploy teams rapidly to document the real-time responses to fires and floods. The scope of activities includes: a) estimate the relative and absolute yields of sediment throughout a wet water year following extensive burning, distinguishing sediment delivered from burned and unburned tributaries in the Mad River basin, California, to establish sedimentation generation rates associated with fire, b) survey bathymetry of and sediment cores from Ruth Reservoir prior to and following the flood season to calculate short-term sedimentation rates associated with burned and unburned areas, and c) apply models of trap efficiency and reservoir capacity to calculate long-term sedimentation rates due to precipitation alone and due to wildfires-flood scenarios. Results will 1) provide evidence on the processes responsible for and the timeline at which reservoir capacity may be impacted by the changing fire-flood regime; 2) demonstrate a methodology, and preliminary data, for conducting this research across geographical scales; and 3) develop data necessary to developing regionally-specific models (e.g. debris flow thresholds and sediment yield decay) that are widely used by managers in mapping and communicating post-fire hazards. This project will impact society by 1) advancing knowledge on wildfire-flood impacts on water infrastructure, 2) developing that can be applied in future studies to advance models and understanding on the landscape-scale processes and interactions that lead a basin to be more sensitive to post-fire sediment generation now and in the future, 3) contribute to national database on reservoir sedimentation to support national-scale, synthetic reservoir sedimentation studies; and 4) supporting planning for the long-term delivery of water to communities serviced by the study reservoir.