Rapid proposal: Fires and floods: Acquisition and analysis of perishable data on the sustainability of reservoirs following wildfires

Desiree D.Tullos美国西部正在经历的火灾-洪水制度导致了快速的赠款情况。2015年野火造成的大范围烧伤，以及预计在即将到来的“怪物”厄尔尼诺季节下的严重降水，预计将导致山坡严重破坏和侵蚀，导致更严重的泥沙产量，有时很难预测。这些泥沙负荷可能会对水库和供水系统产生重要影响，尽管这些潜在影响还没有被很好地了解。随着野火和洪水的严重程度和范围预计将在未来增加，迫切需要进一步了解火灾后洪水对水利基础设施的影响并建立模型。该项目的目标是收集易腐烂的数据，以了解从燃烧和淹没的盆地输送的沉积物是否、如何以及在哪里可能减少水库的使用寿命。鉴于雨季通常在11月下旬至12月下旬开始，这是一项对时间敏感和实地密集的研究，私营部门督察将迅速部署小组，记录对火灾和洪水的实时反应。活动范围包括：a)估计大范围焚烧后整个湿水年的相对和绝对泥沙产量，区分加利福尼亚州马德河流域被烧毁和未烧毁支流输送的沉积物，以确定与火灾有关的沉淀率；b)在汛期前后对Ruth水库的水深和沉积物岩心进行调查，以计算与烧毁和未烧毁地区有关的短期沉淀率；c)应用捕集器效率和水库容量模型，计算仅因降水和野火-洪水情景而产生的长期沉淀率。结果将1)提供证据，说明水库容量可能受到不断变化的火洪状况影响的过程和时间表；2)展示在地理范围内进行这项研究的方法和初步数据；3)开发必要的数据，以开发特定区域的模型(例如泥石流阈值和泥沙产出量衰减)，供管理人员广泛用于绘制火灾后危险地图和通报火灾后危险。该项目将通过以下方式对社会产生影响：1)增进关于野火-洪水对水利基础设施影响的知识；2)开发可用于未来研究的模型，促进对导致流域现在和未来对火灾后沉积物产生更敏感的景观尺度过程和相互作用的了解；3)促进国家水库沉积数据库，以支持国家规模的人工水库沉积研究；以及4)支持向研究水库服务的社区长期供水的规划。

Desiree D. Tullos A RAPID grant situation has been generated by the fire-flood regime being experienced in the Western U.S. The combination of the extensive burns from 2015 wildfires, followed by the forecasted severity of precipitation under the "monster" el nino season ahead, is expected to generate substantial failure and erosion of hillslopes, resulting in more severe sediment yields at times that are difficult to predict. These sediment loads may generate important impacts to reservoirs and water distribution systems, though these potential impacts are not well understood. As the severity and extent of wildfires and floods are forecasted to increase in the future, the need for advancing understanding on and modeling of post-fire flooding impacts to water infrastructure is urgent. The objective of this project is to collect perishable data that will lead to understanding if, how, and where sediment delivered from burned and flooded basins may reduce the functional life of reservoirs. Given that the rainy season typically begins in late November to late December, this is a time sensitive and field intensive study, and the PIs will deploy teams rapidly to document the real-time responses to fires and floods. The scope of activities includes: a) estimate the relative and absolute yields of sediment throughout a wet water year following extensive burning, distinguishing sediment delivered from burned and unburned tributaries in the Mad River basin, California, to establish sedimentation generation rates associated with fire, b) survey bathymetry of and sediment cores from Ruth Reservoir prior to and following the flood season to calculate short-term sedimentation rates associated with burned and unburned areas, and c) apply models of trap efficiency and reservoir capacity to calculate long-term sedimentation rates due to precipitation alone and due to wildfires-flood scenarios. Results will 1) provide evidence on the processes responsible for and the timeline at which reservoir capacity may be impacted by the changing fire-flood regime; 2) demonstrate a methodology, and preliminary data, for conducting this research across geographical scales; and 3) develop data necessary to developing regionally-specific models (e.g. debris flow thresholds and sediment yield decay) that are widely used by managers in mapping and communicating post-fire hazards. This project will impact society by 1) advancing knowledge on wildfire-flood impacts on water infrastructure, 2) developing that can be applied in future studies to advance models and understanding on the landscape-scale processes and interactions that lead a basin to be more sensitive to post-fire sediment generation now and in the future, 3) contribute to national database on reservoir sedimentation to support national-scale, synthetic reservoir sedimentation studies; and 4) supporting planning for the long-term delivery of water to communities serviced by the study reservoir.