Collaborative research: The WArming and irRadiance Measurement (WARM) buoy: Assessing the role of solar energy in heating, photosynthesis, and photo-oxidation in the upper Arctic

合作研究：变暖和辐照度测量 (WARM) 浮标：评估太阳能在上北极加热、光合作用和光氧化中的作用

• 批准号: 1602521
• 负责人: Bonnie Light
• 金额: $ 29.33万
• 依托单位: University of Washington
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2016-07-15 至 2021-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1602521&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; research; WArming; irRadiance; Measurement

The WARM buoy collects measurements of light, temperature, salinity and phytoplankton abundance under the Arctic sea ice. The Arctic ice pack has suffered continued thinning and reduction in seasonal extent, resulting in changes to the amount of sunlight penetrating through the ice and into the ocean beneath, having consequences for the physical and biological environment. Sunlight absorbed by the ocean under the ice causes warming, which can lead to accelerated ice melt resulting in even more sunlight reaching the ocean. In addition, warmer water also affects living organisms, influencing the ability of Arctic adapted species to survive, and possibly promoting the northward advancement of sub-Arctic species. Thinner ice also increases light available for photosynthesis, affecting the timing of phytoplankton blooms. If phytoplankton growth occurs early in the season then zooplankton, the organisms that feed on them can miss the bloom with consequences for the entire food web of the Arctic. This project aims to provide observations to help determine how the under-ice environment is changing by using autonomous buoys which overcome the limitations of ship-based observations. The buoys have proven to be very robust and can survive for approximately one year, providing hourly observations which will be available in near-real time to the research community and interested public parties. The buoys will be deployed in early spring in the western Beaufort Sea, with anticipated drift west over the Chukchi Shelf. This project will continue the WARM buoy initiative by improving the existing design to include increased vertical resolution of temperature and light measurements, the addition of salinity measurement to enable water mass identification, and a second fluorometer to identify sinking phytoplankton biomass. The data collected will provide a time series of important physical and biogeochemical properties over a complete seasonal cycle. It will enable us to address questions related to the effects of a thinner and more open ice pack on the absorption of solar radiation, ocean heating, the phenology of pelagic primary production, and carbon cycling. The buoys have proven to be very robust and can survive for approximately one year, providing hourly observations which will be available in near real time to the research community and interested public parties. The buoys will be deployed in early spring in the western Beaufort Sea, with anticipated drift west over the Chukchi Shelf. The Arctic ice pack acts as a barrier controlling the availability of UV and visible light to the water column. Continued thinning and reduction of seasonal Arctic ice has resulted in alterations in the timing and magnitude of solar radiation penetrating the upper Arctic Ocean. Amplification of solar radiation absorption into the ocean acts to warm and stratify the surface layer, which can induce further ice retreat and delay fall freeze-up. Resulting thermal stratification affects the ecosystem by limiting vertical replenishment of nutrients with a direct consequence on the magnitude of primary production. A warmer water column can also play a fundamental role in setting thresholds for the abundance and distribution of plankton communities, affecting trophic efficiency and promoting the northward advancement of sub-Arctic species. Thinner ice increases the light available for photosynthesis and net primary production, affecting the timing of primary production. Small timing mis-match between phytoplankton blooms and zooplankton reproductive cycles can have consequences for the entire lipid-driven Arctic marine ecosystem. Changes in the duration of UV exposure through longer open water periods has the potential to increase photochemical remineralization of terrestrial and marine organic matter and production of labile organic material that can be used by microbes. Determining the impact of solar radiation changes on warming, primary production, and photochemistry are all critical in assessing and predicting the effects of climate change on the marine carbon cycle. The measurement of these variables within and beneath the seasonal ice pack is challenging due to the limitations of ship based observations, but this can be resolved by using the autonomous WARM buoys deployed within the ice and designed to survive ice melt.

WARM 浮标收集北极海冰下的光、温度、盐度和浮游植物丰度的测量结果。北极冰层持续变薄，季节范围缩小，导致穿透冰层并进入海洋的阳光量发生变化，对物理和生物环境产生影响。冰下海洋吸收的阳光会导致变暖，从而导致冰层加速融化，从而导致更多的阳光到达海洋。此外，温暖的海水还会影响生物体，影响适应北极的物种的生存能力，并可能促进亚北极物种向北推进。较薄的冰层还会增加可用于光合作用的光线，从而影响浮游植物繁殖的时间。如果浮游植物的生长发生在季节早期，那么浮游动物（以它们为食的生物体）可能会错过繁殖期，从而对北极的整个食物网产生影响。该项目旨在通过使用克服船基观测局限性的自主浮标提供观测结果，帮助确定冰下环境如何变化。事实证明，这些浮标非常坚固，可以保存大约一年，每小时提供一次观测结果，研究界和感兴趣的公众可以近乎实时地获得这些观测结果。这些浮标将于早春部署在波弗特海西部，预计将在楚科奇陆架上向西漂移。 该项目将继续 WARM 浮标计划，改进现有设计，包括提高温度和光测量的垂直分辨率、增加盐度测量以实现水团识别，以及使用第二个荧光计来识别下沉的浮游植物生物量。收集的数据将提供整个季节周期内重要物理和生物地球化学特性的时间序列。它将使我们能够解决与更薄和更开放的冰包对太阳辐射吸收、海洋加热、远洋初级生产物候和碳循环的影响相关的问题。事实证明，这些浮标非常坚固，可以保存大约一年，每小时提供一次观测结果，研究界和感兴趣的公众可以近乎实时地获得这些观测结果。这些浮标将于早春部署在波弗特海西部，预计将在楚科奇陆架上向西漂移。 北极冰层充当屏障，控制水体中紫外线和可见光的可用性。季节性北极冰的持续变薄和减少导致太阳辐射穿透北冰洋上部的时间和强度发生变化。海洋对太阳辐射吸收的放大会导致表层变暖和分层，从而导致冰层进一步退缩并延迟秋季冻结。由此产生的热分层通过限制养分的垂直补充来影响生态系统，直接影响初级生产的规模。温暖的水柱还可以在设定浮游生物群落的丰度和分布阈值、影响营养效率和促进亚北极物种向北推进方面发挥根本性作用。较薄的冰增加了可用于光合作用和净初级生产的光线，从而影响初级生产的时间。浮游植物繁殖和浮游动物繁殖周期之间的微小时间不匹配可能会对整个脂质驱动的北极海洋生态系统产生影响。通过更长的开放水域时间来改变紫外线暴露的持续时间有可能增加陆地和海洋有机物的光化学再矿化以及可被微生物利用的不稳定有机物质的产生。确定太阳辐射变化对变暖、初级生产和光化学的影响对于评估和预测气候变化对海洋碳循环的影响至关重要。由于船基观测的局限性，对季节性冰层内部和下方的这些变量进行测量具有挑战性，但这可以通过使用部署在冰层内并设计用于抵御冰融化的自主 WARM 浮标来解决。

项目成果

Physical and optical characteristics of heavily melted “rotten” Arctic sea ice

• DOI: 10.5194/tc-13-775-2019
• 发表时间: 2018-07
• 期刊: The Cryosphere
• 作者: C. Frantz;B. Light;S. M. Farley;S. Carpenter;R. Lieb-Lappen;Z. Courville;M. Orellana;K. Junge

Contrasting Sea‐Ice Algae Blooms in a Changing Arctic Documented by Autonomous Drifting Buoys

对比鲜明的海洋——自主漂流浮标记录了不断变化的北极中冰藻的繁盛

• DOI: 10.1029/2021jc017848
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
• 作者: Hill, Victoria;Light, Bonnie;Steele, Michael;Sybrandy, Andrew Lowy
• 通讯作者: Sybrandy, Andrew Lowy