SUSCHEM: Effects of renewable biofuels on soot concentrations and soot particle nanostructure

1604983-麦克纳利生物燃料可能满足美国的能源需求，它们是一种国内能源，可以减少对进口石油的依赖。它们是可以减少二氧化碳净排放量的绿色燃料。对于这个项目来说，最重要的是，它们在燃烧时会排放较少的大多数污染物，特别是烟尘颗粒。煤烟排放会导致大气中的颗粒物负荷，从而产生慢性健康影响，并导致全球每年数百万人死亡。此外，烟尘颗粒吸收阳光，直接加热大气；最近的证据表明，它们是导致全球变暖的第二大因素。该项目将产生基本的燃烧数据，工程师可以利用这些数据来设计更清洁的燃烧设备，政策制定者可以利用这些数据来选择提供最大好处的生物燃料。更具体地说，将通过将少量生物燃料添加到基线甲烷火焰中，然后测量随后物种浓度和颗粒特性的变化来研究生物燃料的燃烧行为。这种燃料扰动策略允许在相同的燃烧条件下研究所有生物燃料，以便可以直接比较它们形成烟尘颗粒和其他污染物的倾向。因此，这些测量结果将直接对潜在生物燃料的排放效益进行排名。此外，燃料扰动战略只需要很小的样本进行测试，这一点至关重要，因为燃料在开发阶段往往只有有限的数量。一个很好的例子是耶鲁大学的另一个研究小组将从海藻油中提取毫升的生物柴油。火焰中的颗粒浓度将通过激光诱导白炽度和颜色比高温法测量。颗粒的大小和形态将通过收集热致探针上的颗粒，然后用电子显微镜和其他表面科学技术进行分析来测量。用微探头提取气体样品，然后用在线光电离质谱仪进行分析，可以测量物种浓度。物种结果将提供对生物燃料的氧化和污染物形成机制的洞察，并作为验证这些机制的计算机模拟的数据。对这些机制的总体了解将有助于确定许多可能的生物燃料中哪种具有最具吸引力的特性，计算机模拟将导致可供执业工程师使用的设计工具。

1604983 - McEnallyBiofuels can potentially meet America's energy needs and they are a domestic source of energy that lessens dependence on imported oil. They are green fuels that can reduce net emissions of carbon dioxide. Most importantly for this project, they emit smaller amounts of most pollutants when burned, especially soot particles. Soot emissions contribute to particulate loadings in the atmosphere that produce chronic health effects and cause millions of deaths worldwide each year. Moreover, soot particles absorb sunlight and directly heat the atmosphere; recent evidence suggests they are the second largest contributor to global warming. This project will generate fundamental combustion data that engineers can use to design cleaner-burning devices and that policymakers can use to select the biofuels that offer the greatest benefits.More specifically, the combustion behavior of biofuels will be studied by adding them in small amounts to a baseline methane flame, then measuring the subsequent changes in species concentrations and particle properties. This fuel perturbation strategy allows all of the biofuels to be studied under the same combustion conditions, such that their propensity to form soot particles and other pollutants can be directly compared. Thus the measurements will produce a direct ranking of the emission benefits of potential biofuels. Furthermore, the fuel perturbation strategy requires only very small samples for testing, which is critical since fuels are often only available in limited quantities during the development phase. A good example are biodiesel fuels that will be generated from algal oils in milliliter quantities by another research group at Yale. Particle concentrations in the flames will be measured by laser-induced incandescence and color-ratio pyrometry. Particle size and morphology will be measured by collecting particles on thermophoretic probes and then analyzing them with electron microscopy and other surface science techniques. Species concentrations will be measured by extracting gas samples with a microprobe and then analyzing them with on-line photoionization mass spectrometry. The species results will provide insight into the oxidation and pollutant formation mechanisms for the biofuels, and serve as data for validating computer simulations of these mechanisms. A general understanding of these mechanisms will help identify which of the many possible biofuels have the most attractive properties, and computer simulations will lead to design tools that can be used by practicing engineers.