Dynamics and Properties of Hot and Dense Quark and Gluon Matter

质子和中子是由叫做夸克和胶子的更小的成分组成的，这是一个公认的事实。在两束重原子核的碰撞中，这些成分形成了一种新的物质状态，称为夸克-胶子等离子体（QGP）。这个项目将回答关于QGP的基本问题，比如物质的时空动力学及其输运性质。该项目将通过研究涨落的集体流动和粒子与QGP的相互作用来实施。高能量密度物质的研究可以对我们对量子色动力学（QCD）理论的理解产生深远的影响，量子色动力学控制着原子核的行为和早期宇宙的演化，超新星爆炸和中子星的性质。这项研究将在欧洲的大型强子对撞机（使用ATLAS探测器）和布鲁克海文国家实验室的相对论重离子对撞机（使用STAR探测器）上进行。ATLAS和STAR实验都为研究生、本科生和高中生提供了良好的训练机会。建议的测量包括：1。综合模型研究粒子在横向和纵向上的相关性，并与测量结果相比较，以约束A+A碰撞中物质的动力学和性质。这项工作需要发明新的分析方法，开发事件形状触发器，以利用即将到来的高亮度Pb+Pb运行，以及在RHIC上以较低的碰撞能量进行类似的分析。2. 详细研究pp和p+Pb碰撞等小系统中的远程脊相关，这需要开发高多重触发机制，改进多粒子相关方法，以及研究脊相关对粒子质量的依赖关系。3. 未来的努力是了解射流淬火对初始密度波动的响应，并寻找介质对淬火射流的响应。建议的努力是建立在该小组在各种相关测量方面的既定专业知识的基础上的。

It is a well-established fact that protons and neutrons are made up of smaller constituents called quarks and gluons. In collisions using two beams of heavy nuclei, a new state of matter is formed from these constituents, called the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). This project will answer fundamental questions about the QGP, such as the space-time dynamics of the matter and its transport properties. The project will be carried out by studying the collective flow of fluctuations and particle interactions with the QGP. Studies of high energy density matter can have a profound impact on our understanding of the theory of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), which governs the behavior of nuclei and the evolution of the early universe, supernova explosions and the properties of neutron stars. The research will be carried out at the Large Hadron Collider in Europe, using the ATLAS detector, and at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider of Brookhaven National Laboratory, using the STAR detector. Both the ATLAS and STAR experiments provide excellent training opportunities for graduate, undergraduate and high school students.The proposed measurements include: 1. Comprehensive model studies of particle correlations in transverse and longitudinal directions as compared with measurements to constrain the dynamics and properties of the matter in A+A collisions. This effort requires inventing new analysis methods, developing event-shape triggers to take advantage of the upcoming high-luminosity Pb+Pb run, as well as carrying out similar analyses at lower collision energy at RHIC. 2. Detailed investigations of long-range ridge correlations in small systems such as pp and p+Pb collisions, which require development of high-multiplicity triggers, improving the multi-particle correlation method, as well as studying the particle mass dependence of the ridge correlation. 3. Future efforts to understand the jet-quenching response to the initial density fluctuations and to search for medium response to quenched jets. The proposed efforts are built upon the group's established expertise in various correlation measurements.