Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Award: Investigating The Effect Of Environmental Variability On Mobility And Territorial Behavior

领域性是理解人类社会的基础，因为它与财产权、土地保有权、战争和社会经济不平等的出现有关。然而，人类社会并不总是属地性的，在什么时间和条件下出现属地性仍然存在许多问题。只有通过考古学的学科，社会科学家才能评估几千年来领土的出现和变化。人类学家的理论认为，属地性是使用经济可防御性模型(EDM)保护土地的好处和风险之间的权衡。EDM将通过对德克萨斯海岸平原考古材料的研究，使用地球化学方法进行评估。该项目涉及与北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校、德克萨斯公园和野生动物部以及德克萨斯大学圣安东尼奥分校考古研究中心的合作。这项研究有助于对少数民族研究生进行考古学和地球化学方法的培训。它还将有助于建立一个可公开获得的地球化学数据集，该数据集将对地质学、生态学和考古学等多个学科有用。EDM考虑资源密度、领土大小和防御模式，以确定出现属地性的条件。虽然这一模式在理解不同类型领土的人种学实例方面是有效的，但它尚未在考古学的背景下进行系统的评估。该项目通过研究德克萨斯海岸平原(TCP)远古晚期(公元前2000-公元800)的属地来解决这一差距。远古晚期是气候改善的时期，在这一时期，随着狩猎采集者利用淡水资源、白尾鹿、山核桃和块茎，人口密度达到顶峰。他们回到中心地点举行仪式并埋葬死者，然而，他们人口流动的规模尚不清楚。研究人员认为，随着TCP上狩猎采集人口的增加，流动性的下降可能导致了领土面积的增加。调查人员将利用锶(87sr/86sr)稳定同位素分析来评估领土的存在。作为一种生态示踪剂，人类骨骼中的87锶/86锶水平可能会将个体与特定位置联系在一起，因此可以推断领土。将对来自洛马桑迪亚考古遗址的50多人的牙釉质进行87锶/86锶的测量。此外，还将通过对现代动物群样品的检查，评估来自TCP七个地质区的87Sr/86Sr的生物有效性。这些数据集将被分析，以评估人类与特定地点的联系程度。该项目将有助于对经济可防御性模式进行严格评估，并促进我们对领土出现的原因和条件的理解。

Territoriality is fundamental to understanding human societies as it relates to the emergence of property rights, land tenure, warfare, and socioeconomic inequalities. However human societies have not always been territorial and many questions remain as to the timing and conditions under which territoriality emerges. It is only through the discipline of archaeology can social scientists evaluate the emergence of and changes in territoriality across thousands of years. Anthropologists have theorized that territoriality emerges as a trade-off between benefits and risks of defending land using the Economic Defensibility Model (EDM). The EDM will be evaluated through the study of archaeological materials from the Texas Coastal Plain using geochemical methods. This project involves collaboration with The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, and the Center for Archaeological Research at the University of Texas at San Antonio. This research contributes to the training of a minority graduate student in archaeological and geochemical methods. It will also contribute to a publicly available geochemical dataset that will be useful to multiple disciplines, including geology, ecology as well as archaeology.The EDM considers resource density, territory size, and modes of defense to posit the conditions under which territoriality emerges. While this model has been effective in understanding ethnographic examples of different types of territoriality, it has yet to be systematically evaluated in archaeological contexts. This project addresses this gap by examining territoriality during the Late Archaic period (2000 BC-AD 800) on the Texas Coastal Plain (TCP). The Late Archaic was a period of climatic amelioration and during this point in time population density peaked as hunter-gatherers made use of freshwater resources, white-tail deer, pecans, and tubers. They returned to central locations for rituals and to bury their dead however, the scale of their population movements is unknown. Researchers argue that as hunter-gatherer populations on the TCP increased, there was a decline in mobility that may have led to increasing territoriality. The investigators will utilize strontium (87Sr/86Sr) stable isotope analysis to evaluate the presence of territoriality. As an ecological tracer, 87Sr/86Sr levels in human bone can potentially tie individuals to particular locations and therefore allow inferences regarding territoriality. The 87Sr/86Sr of tooth enamel of over 50 individuals from the archaeological site of Loma Sandia will be measured. In addition, the bioavailability of 87Sr/86Sr from seven geologic regions in the TCP will be evaluated through examination of modern faunal samples. These datasets will be analyzed to evaluate the degree that humans are tied to particular locations. This project will contribute to the rigorous assessment of the Economic Defensibility Model and advance our understanding of the causes and conditions for the emergence of territoriality.